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  2. Documents, Volume 5, Part 2 Introduction: 5 December 1835–7 February 1836

Part 2: 5 December 1835–7 February 1836

As JS continued to prepare church leaders in
Kirtland

Located ten miles south of Lake Erie. Settled by 1811. Organized by 1818. Latter-day Saint missionaries visited township, early Nov. 1830; many residents joined Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Population in 1830 about 55 Latter-day Saints and...

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, Ohio, to receive an
endowment

Bestowal of spiritual blessings, power, or knowledge. Beginning in 1831, multiple revelations promised an endowment of “power from on high” in association with the command to gather. Some believed this promise was fulfilled when individuals were first ordained...

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of divine power in the nearly completed
House of the Lord

JS revelation, dated Jan. 1831, directed Latter-day Saints to migrate to Ohio, where they would “be endowed with power from on high.” In Dec. 1832, JS revelation directed Saints to “establish . . . an house of God.” JS revelation, dated 1 June 1833, chastened...

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, jealousy and accusations of inequality persisted among some members of the
Quorum of the Twelve

Members of a governing body in the church, with special administrative and proselytizing responsibilities. A June 1829 revelation commanded Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer to call twelve disciples, similar to the twelve apostles in the New Testament and ...

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. In a 15 December 1835 letter to JS,
Orson Hyde

8 Jan. 1805–28 Nov. 1878. Laborer, clerk, storekeeper, teacher, editor, businessman, lawyer, judge. Born at Oxford, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Nathan Hyde and Sally Thorpe. Moved to Derby, New Haven Co., 1812. Moved to Kirtland, Geauga Co., Ohio, ...

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accused
Reynolds Cahoon

30 Apr. 1790–29 Apr. 1861. Farmer, tanner, builder. Born at Cambridge, Washington Co., New York. Son of William Cahoon Jr. and Mehitable Hodges. Married Thirza Stiles, 11 Dec. 1810. Moved to northeastern Ohio, 1811. Located at Harpersfield, Ashtabula Co.,...

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of unfairly restricting Hyde’s credit at the temple
committee store

Established by temple building committee to support those working on Kirtland temple.

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while allowing JS’s younger brother,
William Smith

13 Mar. 1811–13 Nov. 1893. Farmer, newspaper editor. Born at Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Lebanon, Grafton Co., New Hampshire, 1811; to Norwich, Windsor Co., 1813; and to Palmyra, Ontario Co., New York, 1816...

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, to accrue substantial debt.
1

Letter from Orson Hyde, 15 Dec. 1835.


A number of documents in this part also relate to a mid-December confrontation between JS and William. On 17 December, tension between the brothers erupted into violence during a session of the Kirtland debating school.
2

Tension had been building between the two brothers for nearly six weeks. (See JS, Journal, 29 Oct. 1835; Minutes, 29 Oct. 1835; and Letter from William Smith, 18 Dec. 1835.)


The fight, which left JS unable to “sit down, or rise up, without help,” and subsequent events culminated in ecclesiastical charges against William Smith and a disciplinary hearing before the church presidency and other leaders.
3

Letter to William Smith, ca. 18 Dec. 1835; Charges against William Smith Preferred to the Church Presidency, 29 Dec. 1835; Minutes, 2 Jan. 1836.


JS lamented the divisions that existed among the Twelve and within his own family, and his 1 January 1836 journal entry expressed hope that the Saints would “come forth like gold seven times tried in the fire, being made perfect throug[h] sufferings, and temptations, and the blessings of heaven and earth multiplyed upon our heads.”
4

JS, Journal, 1 Jan. 1836.


The new year did in fact usher in a period of relative calm for JS. In the weeks after reconciling with
William

13 Mar. 1811–13 Nov. 1893. Farmer, newspaper editor. Born at Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Lebanon, Grafton Co., New Hampshire, 1811; to Norwich, Windsor Co., 1813; and to Palmyra, Ontario Co., New York, 1816...

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, JS juggled various ecclesiastical responsibilities, including solemnizing several marriages and giving blessings to two men who had participated in the
Camp of Israel

A group of approximately 205 men and about 20 women and children led by JS to Missouri, May–July 1834, to redeem Zion by helping the Saints who had been driven from Jackson County, Missouri, regain their lands; later referred to as “Zion’s Camp.” A 24 February...

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expedition.
5

Historical Introduction to Marriage Certificate for William Cahoon and Nancy Gibbs, 18 Jan. 1836; Blessing to Lorenzo Barnes, 3 Jan. 1836; Blessing to Alvin Winegar, 7 Feb. 1836.


During the second week of January, JS also participated in a three-day feast for the poor, hosted by
Bishop

An ecclesiastical and priesthood office. JS appointed Edward Partridge as the first bishop in February 1831. Following this appointment, Partridge functioned as the local leader of the church in Missouri. Later revelations described a bishop’s duties as receiving...

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Newel K. Whitney

3/5 Feb. 1795–23 Sept. 1850. Trader, merchant. Born at Marlborough, Windham Co., Vermont. Son of Samuel Whitney and Susanna Kimball. Moved to Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York, 1803. Merchant at Plattsburg, Clinton Co., New York, 1814. Mercantile clerk for...

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and his wife,
Elizabeth Ann Smith Whitney

26 Dec. 1800–15 Feb. 1882. Born at Derby, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Daughter of Gibson Smith and Polly Bradley. Moved to Ohio, 1819. Married Newel K. Whitney, 20 Oct. 1822, at Kirtland, Geauga Co., Ohio. Shortly after, joined reformed Baptist (later Disciples...

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.
6

Historical Introduction to Note from Newel K. Whitney, 9 Jan. 1836.


In addition to attending to church duties, JS devoted significant time to studying the Hebrew language. On 4 January, he organized a
Hebrew School

An educational program established in Kirtland, Ohio, in January 1836 for the study of the Hebrew language. On 4 January 1836, JS organized the school and served as its temporary instructor for three weeks. A committee composed of JS, Sidney Rigdon, Frederick...

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, which his peers asked him to lead until the school committee was able to identify and hire a trained teacher. On 26 January, a Hebrew scholar named
Joshua Seixas

4 June 1802–1874. Hebraist, textbook writer, teacher. Probably born at New York City. Son of Gershom Mendez Seixas and Hannah Manuel. Married Henrietta Raphael of Richmond, Henrico Co., Virginia. Taught Hebrew at New York and Charlestown, Massachusetts. His...

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arrived in
Kirtland

Located ten miles south of Lake Erie. Settled by 1811. Organized by 1818. Latter-day Saint missionaries visited township, early Nov. 1830; many residents joined Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Population in 1830 about 55 Latter-day Saints and...

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and began teaching the school, which included JS as a pupil.
7

JS, Journal, 4 and 26 Jan. 1836.


In mid-January, JS met with the presidency and other leaders of the church to “take into concideration the subject of the
Solemn Assembly

A special church meeting or conference convened to conduct church business, administer sacred ordinances, and receive spiritual power and instruction. In November 1831, the Saints were directed by revelation to gather as a body in solemn assemblies. A December...

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.”
8

JS, Journal, 12 Jan. 1836.


This “grand council”—consisting of the church presidency, the
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

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presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and the
high councils

A governing body of twelve high priests. The first high council was organized in Kirtland, Ohio, on 17 February 1834 “for the purpose of settling important difficulties which might arise in the church, which could not be settled by the church, or the bishop...

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and
bishoprics

Initially referred to a bishop’s ecclesiastical jurisdiction, but eventually described the ecclesiastical body comprising the bishop and his assistants, or counselors. John Corrill and Isaac Morley were called as assistants to Bishop Edward Partridge in 1831...

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of
Kirtland

Located ten miles south of Lake Erie. Settled by 1811. Organized by 1818. Latter-day Saint missionaries visited township, early Nov. 1830; many residents joined Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Population in 1830 about 55 Latter-day Saints and...

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and Missouri—voted on various administrative changes, including filling vacant leadership positions, and appointed JS,
Sidney Rigdon

19 Feb. 1793–14 July 1876. Tanner, farmer, minister. Born at St. Clair, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania. Son of William Rigdon and Nancy Gallaher. Joined United Baptists, ca. 1818. Preached at Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, and vicinity, 1819–1821. Married Phebe...

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,
Hyrum Smith

9 Feb. 1800–27 June 1844. Farmer, cooper. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Randolph, Orange Co., 1802; back to Tunbridge, before May 1803; to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, 1804; to Sharon, Windsor Co...

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,
William W. Phelps

17 Feb. 1792–7 Mar. 1872. Writer, teacher, printer, newspaper editor, publisher, postmaster, lawyer. Born at Hanover, Morris Co., New Jersey. Son of Enon Phelps and Mehitabel Goldsmith. Moved to Homer, Cortland Co., New York, 1800. Married Sally Waterman,...

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, and
David Whitmer

7 Jan. 1805–25 Jan. 1888. Farmer, livery keeper. Born near Harrisburg, Dauphin Co., Pennsylvania. Son of Peter Whitmer Sr. and Mary Musselman. Raised Presbyterian. Moved to Ontario Co., New York, shortly after birth. Attended German Reformed Church. Arranged...

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as a committee to draft rules of conduct for the
House of the Lord

JS revelation, dated Jan. 1831, directed Latter-day Saints to migrate to Ohio, where they would “be endowed with power from on high.” In Dec. 1832, JS revelation directed Saints to “establish . . . an house of God.” JS revelation, dated 1 June 1833, chastened...

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. On 15 January, the committee presented their proposals—which stressed order and reverence while in the House of the Lord—to the grand council, which approved the rules.
9

Minutes, 13 Jan. 1836; Rules and Regulations, 14 Jan. 1836; Minutes, 15 Jan. 1836.


The next day, JS and other members of the presidency met with the Twelve, who had requested an opportunity to air unresolved grievances. After listening to each of the men speak, JS acknowledged their concerns and asked forgiveness for sometimes speaking too harshly and injuring their feelings. It appears that the meeting largely resolved their differences; as JS’s journal records, the men “took each others by the hand in confirmation of our covenant and their was a perfect unison of feeling on this occasion, and our hearts overflowed with blessings, which we pronounced upon eachothers heads.”
10

Minutes, 16 Jan. 1836.


The spirit of unity continued into the following week. On 21 January, JS introduced to the presidency and other select men a new ritual in which they
washed

A ritual ablution of bodies symbolizing a purification from sin. As early as 1830, the Book of Mormon and JS revelations characterized baptism by immersion as a washing away of sins. On 23 January 1833, JS led the members of the School of the Prophets in ...

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and perfumed their bodies and then
anointed

To apply ceremonial oil to the head or body, often in conjunction with priesthood ordinances and the blessing of the sick. The practice of blessing the sick included anointing with oil and laying hands on the sick person. Ritual washings and anointings were...

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each other with pure oil, all in preparation for the solemn assembly and endowment of power.
11

Historical Introduction to Visions, 21 Jan. 1836 [D&C 137]. The House of the Lord in Kirtland was dedicated on 27 March 1836; three days later, JS and a group of approximately three hundred men met in a solemn assembly, where they participated in ordinances and experienced spiritual manifestations that they regarded as the long-promised endowment of power. (Minutes and Prayer of Dedication, 27 Mar. 1836 [D&C 109]; Minutes, 30 Mar. 1836.)


After JS received blessings and prophecies from
Joseph Smith Sr.

12 July 1771–14 Sept. 1840. Cooper, farmer, teacher, merchant. Born at Topsfield, Essex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Asael Smith and Mary Duty. Nominal member of Congregationalist church at Topsfield. Married to Lucy Mack by Seth Austin, 24 Jan. 1796, at Tunbridge...

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and the presidency, he and several others reported that they saw a vision of God and the heavens and that angelic hosts ministered to them.
12

Historical Introduction to Visions, 21 Jan. 1836 [D&C 137].


In the week following this heavenly manifestation, JS and the presidency continued to organize the church’s
priesthood

Power or authority of God. The priesthood was conferred through the laying on of hands upon adult male members of the church in good standing; no specialized training was required. Priesthood officers held responsibility for administering the sacrament of...

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officers and prepare them to receive the “holy anointing.”
13

Kirtland Elders Quorum, “Record,” 25 Jan. 1836.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Kirtland Elders Quorum. “A Record of the First Quorurum of Elders Belonging to the Church of Christ: In Kirtland Geauga Co. Ohio,” 1836–1838, 1840–1841. CCLA.

  1. 1

    Letter from Orson Hyde, 15 Dec. 1835.

  2. 2

    Tension had been building between the two brothers for nearly six weeks. (See JS, Journal, 29 Oct. 1835; Minutes, 29 Oct. 1835; and Letter from William Smith, 18 Dec. 1835.)

  3. 3

    Letter to William Smith, ca. 18 Dec. 1835; Charges against William Smith Preferred to the Church Presidency, 29 Dec. 1835; Minutes, 2 Jan. 1836.

  4. 4

    JS, Journal, 1 Jan. 1836.

  5. 5

    Historical Introduction to Marriage Certificate for William Cahoon and Nancy Gibbs, 18 Jan. 1836; Blessing to Lorenzo Barnes, 3 Jan. 1836; Blessing to Alvin Winegar, 7 Feb. 1836.

  6. 6

    Historical Introduction to Note from Newel K. Whitney, 9 Jan. 1836.

  7. 7

    JS, Journal, 4 and 26 Jan. 1836.

  8. 8

    JS, Journal, 12 Jan. 1836.

  9. 9

    Minutes, 13 Jan. 1836; Rules and Regulations, 14 Jan. 1836; Minutes, 15 Jan. 1836.

  10. 10

    Minutes, 16 Jan. 1836.

  11. 11

    Historical Introduction to Visions, 21 Jan. 1836 [D&C 137]. The House of the Lord in Kirtland was dedicated on 27 March 1836; three days later, JS and a group of approximately three hundred men met in a solemn assembly, where they participated in ordinances and experienced spiritual manifestations that they regarded as the long-promised endowment of power. (Minutes and Prayer of Dedication, 27 Mar. 1836 [D&C 109]; Minutes, 30 Mar. 1836.)

  12. 12

    Historical Introduction to Visions, 21 Jan. 1836 [D&C 137].

  13. 13

    Kirtland Elders Quorum, “Record,” 25 Jan. 1836.

    Kirtland Elders Quorum. “A Record of the First Quorurum of Elders Belonging to the Church of Christ: In Kirtland Geauga Co. Ohio,” 1836–1838, 1840–1841. CCLA.

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