Footnotes
“Obituary of Leo Hawkins,” Millennial Star, 30 July 1859, 21:496–497.
Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star. Manchester, England, 1840–1842; Liverpool, 1842–1932; London, 1932–1970.
Footnotes
For an overview of the Saints’ experiences in Missouri, see Memorial to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, ca. 30 Oct. 1839–27 Jan. 1840; and JS et al., Memorial to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, 28 Nov. 1843, Record Group 46, Records of the U.S. Senate, National Archives, Washington DC.
JS, Journal, 20 Nov. 1843; see also Clayton, Journal, 20 Nov. 1843. The Nauvoo Mansion was the Smith family residence from 31 August 1843; it was also used as a hotel. (JS, Journal, 31 Aug. 1843; 15 Sept. 1843; 3 Oct. 1843; Berrett, Sacred Places, 3:135–136.)
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Berrett, LaMar C., ed. Sacred Places: A Comprehensive Guide to Early LDS Historical Sites. 6 vols. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1999–2007.
In addition to consulting with Phelps on the appeal, JS worked with Phelps, John Frierson, and others on the memorial to Congress later that week. (JS, Journal, 21 and 26 Nov. 1843.)
Parley P. Pratt, An Appeal to the Inhabitants of the State of New York, Letter to Queen Victoria, (Reprinted from the Tenth European Edition,): The Fountain of Knowledge, Immortality of the Body, and Intelligence and Affection (Nauvoo, IL: John Taylor, [1844]); Benjamin Andrews, “An Appeal to the People of the State of Maine,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 17 Jan. 1844, [1]; Sidney Rigdon, “To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, in Legislative Capacity Assembled,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 31 Jan. 1844, [1]; Richards, “An Appeal to the Inhabitants of Massachusetts,” 1 Feb. 1844, CHL; Phineas Richards, “An Appeal, to the Inhabitants of Massachusetts,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 7 Feb. 1844, [2]; Noah Packard, House....No. 64. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Memorial. To the Honorable the Governor, Senate and House of Representatives of Massachusetts, in Legislative Capacity Assembled (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1844); Noah Packard, “House—No. 64. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Memorial,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 24 Apr. 1844, [2]; Alphonso Young, “An Appeal to the State of Tennessee,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 28 Feb. 1844, [1].
Pratt, Parley P. An Appeal to the Inhabitants of the State of New York, Letter to Queen Victoria: (Reprinted from the Tenth European Edition,): The Fountain of Knowledge, Immortality of the Body, and Intelligence and Affection. Nauvoo, IL: John Taylor, 1844.
Nauvoo Neighbor. Nauvoo, IL. 1843–1845.
Richards, Phineas. “An Appeal to the Inhabitants of Massachusetts,” 1 Feb. 1844. CHL.
Packard, Noah. House....No. 64. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Memorial. To the Honorable the Governor, Senate and House of Representatives of Massachusetts, in Legislative Capacity Assembled. [Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1844].
According to JS’s 1839 account of his and Elias Higbee’s meeting with Van Buren, the president said, “what can I do? I can do nothing for you,— if I do any thing, I shall come in contact with the whole State of Missouri.” While the phrasing in the appeal differed from the earlier account, Phelps nevertheless captured the essence of Van Buren’s response. (Letter to Hyrum Smith and Nauvoo High Council, 5 Dec. 1839; McBride, “When Joseph Smith Met Martin Van Buren,” 153–154.)
McBride, Spencer W. Pulpit and Nation: Clergymen and the Politics of Revolutionary America. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2017.
Randall, Ethan Allen: His Life and Times, 9–10, 254–255, chaps. 10–11.
Randall, Willard Sterne. Ethan Allen: His Life and Times. New York: W. W. Norton, 2011.
In July 1843, JS delivered a discourse in which he stated, “It is a love of libe[r]ty which inspires my soul. civil and religious liberty— were diffused into my soul by my grandfathers. while they dandld me on their knees.” The state of Illinois commissioned JS as lieutenant general of the Nauvoo Legion in March 1841. (JS, Journal, 9 July 1843; see also Commission from Thomas Carlin, 10 Mar. 1841.)
Woodruff, Journal, 3 Dec. 1843; see also JS, Journal, 3 Dec. 1843.
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
John Taylor and Wilford Woodruff were the publishers of the Times and Seasons. (Crawley, Descriptive Bibliography, 1:92, 94.)
Crawley, Peter. A Descriptive Bibliography of the Mormon Church. 3 vols. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1997–2012.
See News Item, Nauvoo Neighbor, 6 Dec. 1843, [2].
Nauvoo Neighbor. Nauvoo, IL. 1843–1845.
“The Appeal to the Green Mountain Boys,” and JS, “General Joseph Smith’s Appeal to the Green Mountain Boys,” Warsaw (IL) Message, Extra, 17 Jan. 1844, [1]–[2].
Warsaw Message. Warsaw, IL. 1843–1844.
Green Mountain Boys, Strafford, VT, to the Editor of the Warsaw Signal, Warsaw, IL, 15 Feb. 1844, Thomas C. Sharp and Allied Anti-Mormon Papers, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Thomas C. Sharp and Allied Anti-Mormon Papers. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
This possibly referred to the 1792 Militia Act, which required militia members to supply their own weapons. Fines were levied but not often enforced on those men who failed to participate on militia days. Moreover, militia members often did not have weapons in the early nineteenth century. (Uviller and Merkel, Militia and the Right to Arms, 113–114, 119, 123.)
Uviller, H. Richard, and William G. Merkel. The Militia and the Right to Arms, or, How the Second Amendment Fell Silent. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002.
See Shakespeare, As You Like It, act 2, sc. 7, l. 28, in Riverside Shakespeare, 414.
The Riverside Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Edited by G. Blakemore Evans, J. J. M. Tobin, Herschel Baker, Anne Barton, Frank Kermode, Harry Levin, Hallett Smith, and Marie Edel. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
Edward Partridge, acting on behalf of JS and the church, purchased about 1,300 acres of land in Jackson County, Missouri, from the federal government in the form of land patents. These purchases occurred between 26 July 1831 and 30 April 1833, though the General Land Office in Washington DC did not begin issuing the land patents until December 1833, and some were not issued until late 1835.a Partridge purchased at least 800 additional acres from various individuals and from the state of Missouri in the form of state land patents.b Other church leaders, including Newel K. Whitney, Sidney Gilbert, and William W. Phelps, purchased lots in Independence for their own needs.c One scholar concluded that the Saints purchased at least 57,000 acres of land in Caldwell County, Missouri.d Another scholar estimated that in September 1838, the Saints owned “between ten and twenty thousand acres” in Daviess County, Missouri.e A later history calculated that for the duration of their stay in Missouri, the Saints purchased more than 250,000 acres from the United States government at a cost of $318,000.f
(aJackson Co., MO, Land and Property Records, 1832–1857, “Record of Original Entries to Lands in Jackson County Missouri,” 20 Dec. 1898, Township 49 North, Ranges 32 and 33 West, pp. [15]–[16], microfilm 1,019,781, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL; Land Patents for Edward Partridge, Jackson Co., MO, nos. 14, 26, 27, 34, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1961, 1962, 2317, 2599, 3172, General Land Office Records, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior. bJackson Co., MO, Deed Records, 1827–1909, vol. A, pp. 111–116; vol. B, pp. 1, 16–18, 129–131, 154–156, microfilm 1,017,978, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL; Parkin, “History of the Latter-day Saints in Clay County,” appendix A. cJackson Co., MO, Deed Records, 1827–1909, vol. B, pp. 32–34, 135–136, microfilm 1,017,978; vol. F, pp. 52–54, microfilm 1,017,980, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL. dLewis, “Mormon Land Ownership,” 34. eWalker, “Mormon Land Rights,” 41n107. fCarr, Missouri, 181.)U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.
General Land Office Records. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior. Digital images of the land patents cited herein are available at http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/.
Parkin, Max H. “A History of the Latter-day Saints in Clay County, Missouri, from 1833 to 1837.” PhD diss., Brigham Young University, 1976.
Lewis, Wayne J. “Mormon Land Ownership as a Factor in Evaluating the Extent of Mormon Settlements and Influence in Missouri, 1831–1841.” Master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, 1981.
Walker, Jeffrey N. “Mormon Land Rights in Caldwell and Daviess Counties and the Mormon Conflict of 1838: New Findings and New Understandings.” BYU Studies 47, no. 1 (2008): 4–55.
Carr, Lucien. Missouri: A Bone of Contention. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin; Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1888.
This estimation possibly referred to or was influenced by the reported number of Saints who were expelled from Missouri in late 1838 and early 1839. The two most recent memorials to Congress respectively reported that fourteen thousand and fifteen thousand Saints fled Missouri. According to contemporary letters and historians’ estimates, the total number of Saints expelled from Missouri was likely between eight thousand and ten thousand. (JS et al., Memorial to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, 28 Nov. 1843, 3, Record Group 46, Records of the U.S. Senate, National Archives, Washington DC; Memorial to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, ca. 30 Oct. 1839–27 Jan. 1840; Elias Smith, Far West, MO, to Ira Smith, East Stockholm, NY, 11 Mar. 1839, Elias Smith, Papers, CHL; Heber C. Kimball, Far West, MO, to Joseph Fielding, Preston, England, 12 Mar. 1839, typescript, Heber C. Kimball Family Organization, Compilation of Heber C. Kimball Correspondence, 1983, CHL; LeSueur, 1838 Mormon War in Missouri, 35–36; Leonard, Nauvoo, 30–31, 671n33.)
Smith, Elias. Correspondence, 1834–1839. In Elias Smith, Papers, 1834–1846. CHL.
Heber C. Kimball Family Organization. Compilation of Heber C. Kimball Correspondence, 1983. Unpublished typescript. CHL.
LeSueur, Stephen C. The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987.
Leonard, Glen M. Nauvoo: A Place of Peace, a People of Promise. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book; Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 2002.
The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states that citizens shall not “be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”
Joseph Warren used this phrase to describe America in his 1772 commemorative speech on the Boston Massacre. (Warren, Oration Delivered March 5th, 1772, 18.)
Warren, Joseph. An Oration Delivered March 5th, 1772. At the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston; To Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March, 1770. Boston: Edes and Gill, 1772.
See Luke 18:13.
This is a translation of Jeremiah 10:11, a verse that was originally written in Biblical Aramaic. Between the eighth and sixth centuries BC, Aramaic became the lingua franca of the Chaldeans and other groups in ancient Mesopotamia. Jeremiah 10:11 is the only verse in the book of Jeremiah (and one of only a handful of verses in the Hebrew Bible) that was originally written in Biblical Aramaic rather than Biblical Hebrew. In the nineteenth century, Aramaic was typically referred to as Chaldean. How JS or Phelps developed this translation is not known. In November 1835, JS acquired “a Hebrew bible, lexicon & Grammar,” which was probably Josiah M. Gibbs’s A Manual Hebrew and English Lexicon including the Biblical Chaldee. It is possible that JS or Phelps used this to produce the translation. JS or Phelps may have also had access to Joshua Seixas’s Aramaic primer or Adam Clarke’s commentary on the Bible, which included what Clarke referred to as “Chaldee Text.” (Wayment and Wilson-Lemmon, “Recovered Resource,” 262–284; Hanoosh, “Minority Identities Before and After Iraq,” 11; Rosenthal, Grammar of Biblical Aramaic, 10; Schuele, Introduction to Biblical Aramaic, 1; Brown, “Translator and the Ghostwriter,” 44–45; JS, Journal, 20 Nov. 1835.)
Wayment, Thomas A., and Haley Wilson-Lemmon. “A Recovered Resource: The Use of Adam Clarke’s Bible Commentary in Joseph Smith’s Bible Translation.” In Producing Ancient Scripture: Joseph Smith’s Translation Projects in the Development of Mormon Christianity, edited by Michael Hubbard MacKay, Mark Ashurst-McGee, and Brian M. Hauglid, 262–284. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2020.
Hanoosh, Yasmeen. “Minority Identities before and after Iraq: The Making of the Modern Assyrian and Chaldean Appellations.” The Arab Studies Journal 24, no. 2 (Fall 2016): 8–40.
Rosenthal, Franz. A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic. 7th ed. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006.
Schuele, Andreas. An Introduction to Biblical Aramaic. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2012.
Brown, Samuel. “The Translator and the Ghostwriter: Joseph Smith and W. W. Phelps.” Journal of Mormon History 34, no. 1 (Winter 2008): 26–62.
It is possible that this phrase is in Lenape, a language spoken by an indigenous tribe of the same name that historically inhabited portions of New Jersey, Delaware, eastern Pennsylvania, and southern New York. (Brown, “Translator and the Ghostwriter,” 46n91.)
Brown, Samuel. “The Translator and the Ghostwriter: Joseph Smith and W. W. Phelps.” Journal of Mormon History 34, no. 1 (Winter 2008): 26–62.
The inclusion of these foreign phrases reflects the broader interest that JS and his associates, especially Phelps, had in ancient languages and cultures. The accuracy of Phelps’s translations varies. (See “Part 1: 2 October–1 December 1835”; “Book of Abraham and Related Manuscripts”; and Brown, “Translator and the Ghostwriter,” 26–62; for a linguistic analysis of each phrase, see Brown, “Translator and the Ghostwriter,” 43–47, 62.)
Brown, Samuel. “The Translator and the Ghostwriter: Joseph Smith and W. W. Phelps.” Journal of Mormon History 34, no. 1 (Winter 2008): 26–62.
See Proverbs 29:2.