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Letter from John C. Calhoun, 2 December 1843

Source Note

John C. Calhoun

18 Mar. 1782–31 Mar. 1850. Lawyer, politician. Born near Hutchinson’s Mill, Ninety-Sixth District (later Calhoun Mill, Mount Carmel, McCormick Co.), South Carolina. Son of Patrick Calhoun and Martha Caldwell. Graduated from Yale, 1804, in New Haven, New Haven...

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, Letter, Fort Hill, Pickens District, SC, to JS, [
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, Hancock Co., IL], 2 Dec. 1843. Featured version copied [ca. Dec. 1843]; handwriting of
Willard Richards

24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...

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; one page; JS Collection, CHL. Includes notations and docket.
Single leaf measuring 9¾ × 7¾ inches (25 × 20 cm) and ruled with thirty horizontal lines, printed in blue ink. The text of the letter is inscribed on the recto of the leaf. A notation in the handwriting of
Willard Richards

24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...

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appears on the recto: “Copy”. The document was trifolded horizontally and folded twice vertically. The recto and verso contain notations: “2,” “No–”, and “2”, likely inscribed by editor
John Taylor

1 Nov. 1808–25 July 1887. Preacher, editor, publisher, politician. Born at Milnthorpe, Westmoreland, England. Son of James Taylor and Agnes Taylor, members of Church of England. Around age sixteen, joined Methodist church and was local preacher. Migrated ...

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or another
printing office

Located at four different sites from 1839–1846: cellar of warehouse on bank of Mississippi River, June–Aug. 1839; frame building on northeast corner of Water and Bain streets, Nov. 1839–Nov. 1841; newly built printing establishment on northwest corner of ...

More Info
employee before the copy was published in the Times and Seasons.
1

See “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:393–394.


The letter was later refolded and docketed for filing.
A graphite docket on the verso of the document is in the handwriting of Andrew Jenson, who began working in the Church Historian’s Office (later Church Historical Department) in 1891 and served as assistant church historian from 1897 to 1941.
2

Jenson, Autobiography, 192, 389; Cannon, Journal, 9 Feb. 1891; Jenson, Journal, 9 Feb. 1891 and 19 Oct. 1897; Bitton and Arrington, Mormons and Their Historians, 47–52.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Jenson, Andrew. Autobiography of Andrew Jenson: Assistant Historian of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. . . . Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1938.

Cannon, George Q. Journals, 1855–1864, 1872–1901. CHL. CR 850 1.

Jenson, Andrew. Journals, 1864–1941. Andrew Jenson, Autobiography and Journals, 1864–1941. CHL.

Bitton, David, and Leonard J. Arrington. Mormons and Their Historians. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1988.

The graphite notation “Copied by A. J.” was added by a clerk or secretary for Jenson. By 1973 the document had been included in the JS Collection at the Church Historical Department (now CHL).
3

See the full bibliographic entry for JS Collection, 1827–1844, in the CHL catalog.


The letter’s early notations and docket and its later inclusion in the JS Collection suggest continuous institutional custody.

Footnotes

  1. [1]

    See “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:393–394.

  2. [2]

    Jenson, Autobiography, 192, 389; Cannon, Journal, 9 Feb. 1891; Jenson, Journal, 9 Feb. 1891 and 19 Oct. 1897; Bitton and Arrington, Mormons and Their Historians, 47–52.

    Jenson, Andrew. Autobiography of Andrew Jenson: Assistant Historian of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. . . . Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1938.

    Cannon, George Q. Journals, 1855–1864, 1872–1901. CHL. CR 850 1.

    Jenson, Andrew. Journals, 1864–1941. Andrew Jenson, Autobiography and Journals, 1864–1941. CHL.

    Bitton, David, and Leonard J. Arrington. Mormons and Their Historians. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1988.

  3. [3]

    See the full bibliographic entry for JS Collection, 1827–1844, in the CHL catalog.

Historical Introduction

On 2 December 1843, South Carolina senator
John C. Calhoun

18 Mar. 1782–31 Mar. 1850. Lawyer, politician. Born near Hutchinson’s Mill, Ninety-Sixth District (later Calhoun Mill, Mount Carmel, McCormick Co.), South Carolina. Son of Patrick Calhoun and Martha Caldwell. Graduated from Yale, 1804, in New Haven, New Haven...

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responded to a letter from JS inquiring about Calhoun’s policy toward the
Latter-day Saints

The Book of Mormon related that when Christ set up his church in the Americas, “they which were baptized in the name of Jesus, were called the church of Christ.” The first name used to denote the church JS organized on 6 April 1830 was “the Church of Christ...

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should he be elected president in 1844.
1

See Letter to John C. Calhoun, 4 Nov. 1843.


Calhoun had spent more than thirty-five years in public service in the
United States

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

More Info
House of Representatives and Senate, as well as serving as secretary of war and vice president. Though a staunch Federalist early in his career, Calhoun became a vocal proponent of states’ rights by the late 1820s. While serving as vice president in 1828, Calhoun argued that a state had the power to nullify any act of the federal government that it considered unconstitutional—a doctrine later referred to as nullification.
2

[Calhoun], Exposition and Protest, 22–38; see also Calhoun, Fort Hill Address, 1–20.


Comprehensive Works Cited

[Calhoun, John C.]. Exposition and Protest, Reported by the Special Committee of the House of Representatives, on the Tariff; Read and Ordered to Be Printed, Dec. 19th, 1828. Columbia, SC: D. W. Sims, 1829.

Calhoun, John C. The Fort Hill Address of John C. Calhoun, July 26, 1831. Richmond: Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government, 1960.

Calhoun’s ideas about states’ rights were shaped partly by the South’s commitment to protecting the institution of slavery.
3

In a September 1830 letter to Virgil Maxcy, Calhoun acknowledged that “the peculiar domestick institution of the Southern States” put them “in opposite relations to the majority of the Union.” “Thus situated,” argued Calhoun, “the denial of the right of the State to interfere constitutionally in the last resort, more alarms the thinking, than all other causes.” (John C. Calhoun, Fort Hill, SC, to Virgil Maxcy, 11 Sept. 1830, in Meigs, Life of John Caldwell Calhoun, 1:417–419.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Meigs, William M. The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun. 2 vols. New York: G. E. Stechert, 1917.

In contrast, JS and the Latter-day Saints maintained that the state of
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

More Info
failed to protect their individual rights during the 1830s and felt that the federal government had the greater potential and responsibility to protect the liberty and rights of the nation’s citizens.
4

Discourse, 15 Oct. 1843; “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:394–396; JS, General Smith’s Views of the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States, 3–4, 10–11.


JS first met
Calhoun

18 Mar. 1782–31 Mar. 1850. Lawyer, politician. Born near Hutchinson’s Mill, Ninety-Sixth District (later Calhoun Mill, Mount Carmel, McCormick Co.), South Carolina. Son of Patrick Calhoun and Martha Caldwell. Graduated from Yale, 1804, in New Haven, New Haven...

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in late 1839 or early 1840. In late 1839, JS,
Sidney Rigdon

19 Feb. 1793–14 July 1876. Tanner, farmer, minister. Born at St. Clair, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania. Son of William Rigdon and Nancy Gallaher. Joined United Baptists, ca. 1818. Preached at Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, and vicinity, 1819–1821. Married Phebe...

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, and
Elias Higbee

23 Oct. 1795–8 June 1843. Clerk, judge, surveyor. Born at Galloway, Gloucester Co., New Jersey. Son of Isaac Higbee and Sophia Somers. Moved to Clermont Co., Ohio, 1803. Married Sarah Elizabeth Ward, 10 Sept. 1818, in Tate Township, Clermont Co. Lived at ...

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arrived in
Washington DC

Created as district for seat of U.S. federal government by act of Congress, 1790, and named Washington DC, 1791. Named in honor of George Washington. Headquarters of executive, legislative, and judicial branches of U.S. government relocated to Washington ...

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to petition the federal government for redress for the property losses incurred by the Latter-day Saints in
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

More Info
. During that time, JS met directly with President
Martin Van Buren

5 Dec. 1782–24 July 1862. Lawyer, politician, diplomat, farmer. Born in Kinderhook, Columbia Co., New York. Son of Abraham Van Buren and Maria Hoes Van Alen. Member of Reformed Protestant Dutch Church. Worked as law clerk, 1800, in New York City. Returned...

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and congressional leaders.
5

Letter to Hyrum Smith and Nauvoo High Council, 5 Dec. 1839.


In his later history, JS stated: “I also had an interview with Mr.
John C. Calhoun

18 Mar. 1782–31 Mar. 1850. Lawyer, politician. Born near Hutchinson’s Mill, Ninety-Sixth District (later Calhoun Mill, Mount Carmel, McCormick Co.), South Carolina. Son of Patrick Calhoun and Martha Caldwell. Graduated from Yale, 1804, in New Haven, New Haven...

View Full Bio
whose conduct towards me very ill became his station.” At that time, Calhoun told JS that he did not think the federal government had the power to intervene in the Latter-day Saints’ case with Missouri. JS’s interactions with Calhoun and other federal officials during this time apparently convinced him that “there was little use for me to tarry, to press the just claims of the Saints on the protection of the President or Congress.”
6

JS History, vol. C-1, 1016; see also Historian’s Office, JS History, Draft Notes, 4 Feb. 1840, 3. When JS departed Washington DC, he left Elias Higbee behind to continue lobbying Congress for redress. (Historical Introduction to Letter from Elias Higbee, 20 Feb. 1840–A.)


Undeterred by previous failed attempts to obtain redress, JS and other Latter-day Saint leaders launched another effort to lobby Congress and the American people for reparations in fall 1843. In addition to overseeing the creation of two lengthy memorials to Congress and encouraging influential church members to write to the citizens of their native states, church leaders “agre[e]d to write a letter to the 5 candidats for the Presiden[c]y to enquire what their feelig [feelings] were or what their course would be towards the sai[n]ts if they were elected.”
7

JS, Journal, 2 Nov. 1843; JS et al., Memorial to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, 28 Nov. 1843, Record Group 46, Records of the U.S. Senate, National Archives, Washington DC; Memorial to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, ca. 16 Dec. 1843–12 Feb. 1844; for examples of appeals to citizens of eastern states, see General Joseph Smith’s Appeal to the Green Mountain Boys, 21 Nov.–ca. 3 Dec. 1843; Pratt, Appeal to the Inhabitants of the State of New York, 1–6; Sidney Rigdon, “To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, in Legislative Capacity Assembled,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 31 Jan. 1844, [1]; and Phineas Richards, “An Appeal, to the Inhabitants of Massachusetts,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 7 Feb. 1844, [2].


Comprehensive Works Cited

Pratt, Parley P. An Appeal to the Inhabitants of the State of New York, Letter to Queen Victoria: (Reprinted from the Tenth European Edition,): The Fountain of Knowledge, Immortality of the Body, and Intelligence and Affection. Nauvoo, IL: John Taylor, 1844.

Nauvoo Neighbor. Nauvoo, IL. 1843–1845.

On 4 November 1843,
Willard Richards

24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...

View Full Bio
drafted these letters, including one that was mailed to
Calhoun

18 Mar. 1782–31 Mar. 1850. Lawyer, politician. Born near Hutchinson’s Mill, Ninety-Sixth District (later Calhoun Mill, Mount Carmel, McCormick Co.), South Carolina. Son of Patrick Calhoun and Martha Caldwell. Graduated from Yale, 1804, in New Haven, New Haven...

View Full Bio
in South Carolina.
8

Letter to John C. Calhoun, 4 Nov. 1843.


In his 2 December reply,
Calhoun

18 Mar. 1782–31 Mar. 1850. Lawyer, politician. Born near Hutchinson’s Mill, Ninety-Sixth District (later Calhoun Mill, Mount Carmel, McCormick Co.), South Carolina. Son of Patrick Calhoun and Martha Caldwell. Graduated from Yale, 1804, in New Haven, New Haven...

View Full Bio
stated that as president he would enforce the law impartially regardless of a citizen’s religious affiliation. He also reiterated what he had told JS years before, namely that he did not think that the Latter-day Saints’ grievances against the
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

More Info
government fell under the federal government’s jurisdiction. The letter was mailed from Calhoun’s estate at Fort Hill, South Carolina, and was received in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
by 27 December.
9

JS, Journal, 27 Dec. 1843. Fort Hill is in present-day Clemson, South Carolina.


Calhoun

18 Mar. 1782–31 Mar. 1850. Lawyer, politician. Born near Hutchinson’s Mill, Ninety-Sixth District (later Calhoun Mill, Mount Carmel, McCormick Co.), South Carolina. Son of Patrick Calhoun and Martha Caldwell. Graduated from Yale, 1804, in New Haven, New Haven...

View Full Bio
’s original letter is apparently not extant, but
Willard Richards

24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...

View Full Bio
created a copy sometime shortly after its reception. Notations on the front and back of the document, most of which were likely written by
John Taylor

1 Nov. 1808–25 July 1887. Preacher, editor, publisher, politician. Born at Milnthorpe, Westmoreland, England. Son of James Taylor and Agnes Taylor, members of Church of England. Around age sixteen, joined Methodist church and was local preacher. Migrated ...

View Full Bio
, suggest that the copy was created in preparation for the publication of JS’s and Calhoun’s entire correspondence in the 1 January 1844 issue of the Times and Seasons.
10

The notations “2” and “No— 2” inscribed on the recto and verso of the document probably referred to the sequence of the letters exchanged between JS and Calhoun. JS’s 4 November 1843 letter to Calhoun was likely the first letter, and Calhoun’s 2 December 1843 reply was the second; an extant copy of the third letter, written from JS to Calhoun on 2 January 1844, contains the notation “Copy 3.” (JS, Nauvoo, IL, to John C. Calhoun, Fort Hill, SC, 2 Jan. 1844, copy, JS Collection, CHL; “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:393–395.)


Richards’s copy of Calhoun’s letter is featured here.
On 27 December 1843, JS instructed scribe
William W. Phelps

17 Feb. 1792–7 Mar. 1872. Writer, teacher, printer, newspaper editor, publisher, postmaster, lawyer. Born at Hanover, Morris Co., New Jersey. Son of Enon Phelps and Mehitabel Goldsmith. Moved to Homer, Cortland Co., New York, 1800. Married Sally Waterman,...

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to answer letters from
Calhoun

18 Mar. 1782–31 Mar. 1850. Lawyer, politician. Born near Hutchinson’s Mill, Ninety-Sixth District (later Calhoun Mill, Mount Carmel, McCormick Co.), South Carolina. Son of Patrick Calhoun and Martha Caldwell. Graduated from Yale, 1804, in New Haven, New Haven...

View Full Bio
and his fellow candidate
Lewis Cass

9 Oct. 1782–17 June 1866. Teacher, lawyer, soldier, author, politician. Born in Exeter, Rockingham Co., New Hampshire. Son of Jonathan Cass and Mary Gilman. Attended Phillips Academy, 1792–1799, in Exeter, where he also taught. Teacher in Wilmington, New ...

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and to “shew them the folly of keeping p[e]ople out of their right and that there was power in governme[n]t to redress wrongs.”
11

JS, Journal, 27 Dec. 1843.


Phelps drafted the response by 2 January 1844 and read it to JS, and possibly a group of “gentlemen” gathered at JS’s home, three days later.
12

“Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:394; JS, Journal, 5 Jan. 1844.


JS’s initial letter, Calhoun’s response, and JS’s rejoinder were published together in the 1 January 1844 issue of Times and Seasons and later republished in the Nauvoo Neighbor, the New York Herald, and other newspapers across the country.
13

“Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:393–396; “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 10 Jan. 1844, [2]–[3]; “Very Important and Curious from the Mormon Empire on the Mississippi,” New York Herald (New York City), 26 Jan. 1844, [2]; see also, for example, “Correspondence of Gen. Jos. Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Niles’ National Register (Baltimore), 3 Feb. 1844, 357–358.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Niles’ National Register. Washington DC, 1837–1839; Baltimore, 1839–1848; Philadelphia, 1848–1849.

Footnotes

  1. [1]

    See Letter to John C. Calhoun, 4 Nov. 1843.

  2. [2]

    [Calhoun], Exposition and Protest, 22–38; see also Calhoun, Fort Hill Address, 1–20.

    [Calhoun, John C.]. Exposition and Protest, Reported by the Special Committee of the House of Representatives, on the Tariff; Read and Ordered to Be Printed, Dec. 19th, 1828. Columbia, SC: D. W. Sims, 1829.

    Calhoun, John C. The Fort Hill Address of John C. Calhoun, July 26, 1831. Richmond: Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government, 1960.

  3. [3]

    In a September 1830 letter to Virgil Maxcy, Calhoun acknowledged that “the peculiar domestick institution of the Southern States” put them “in opposite relations to the majority of the Union.” “Thus situated,” argued Calhoun, “the denial of the right of the State to interfere constitutionally in the last resort, more alarms the thinking, than all other causes.” (John C. Calhoun, Fort Hill, SC, to Virgil Maxcy, 11 Sept. 1830, in Meigs, Life of John Caldwell Calhoun, 1:417–419.)

    Meigs, William M. The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun. 2 vols. New York: G. E. Stechert, 1917.

  4. [4]

    Discourse, 15 Oct. 1843; “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:394–396; JS, General Smith’s Views of the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States, 3–4, 10–11.

  5. [5]

    Letter to Hyrum Smith and Nauvoo High Council, 5 Dec. 1839.

  6. [6]

    JS History, vol. C-1, 1016; see also Historian’s Office, JS History, Draft Notes, 4 Feb. 1840, 3. When JS departed Washington DC, he left Elias Higbee behind to continue lobbying Congress for redress. (Historical Introduction to Letter from Elias Higbee, 20 Feb. 1840–A.)

  7. [7]

    JS, Journal, 2 Nov. 1843; JS et al., Memorial to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives, 28 Nov. 1843, Record Group 46, Records of the U.S. Senate, National Archives, Washington DC; Memorial to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, ca. 16 Dec. 1843–12 Feb. 1844; for examples of appeals to citizens of eastern states, see General Joseph Smith’s Appeal to the Green Mountain Boys, 21 Nov.–ca. 3 Dec. 1843; Pratt, Appeal to the Inhabitants of the State of New York, 1–6; Sidney Rigdon, “To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, in Legislative Capacity Assembled,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 31 Jan. 1844, [1]; and Phineas Richards, “An Appeal, to the Inhabitants of Massachusetts,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 7 Feb. 1844, [2].

    Pratt, Parley P. An Appeal to the Inhabitants of the State of New York, Letter to Queen Victoria: (Reprinted from the Tenth European Edition,): The Fountain of Knowledge, Immortality of the Body, and Intelligence and Affection. Nauvoo, IL: John Taylor, 1844.

    Nauvoo Neighbor. Nauvoo, IL. 1843–1845.

  8. [8]

    Letter to John C. Calhoun, 4 Nov. 1843.

  9. [9]

    JS, Journal, 27 Dec. 1843. Fort Hill is in present-day Clemson, South Carolina.

  10. [10]

    The notations “2” and “No— 2” inscribed on the recto and verso of the document probably referred to the sequence of the letters exchanged between JS and Calhoun. JS’s 4 November 1843 letter to Calhoun was likely the first letter, and Calhoun’s 2 December 1843 reply was the second; an extant copy of the third letter, written from JS to Calhoun on 2 January 1844, contains the notation “Copy 3.” (JS, Nauvoo, IL, to John C. Calhoun, Fort Hill, SC, 2 Jan. 1844, copy, JS Collection, CHL; “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:393–395.)

  11. [11]

    JS, Journal, 27 Dec. 1843.

  12. [12]

    “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:394; JS, Journal, 5 Jan. 1844.

  13. [13]

    “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Times and Seasons, 1 Jan. 1844, 5:393–396; “Correspondence of Gen. Joseph Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 10 Jan. 1844, [2]–[3]; “Very Important and Curious from the Mormon Empire on the Mississippi,” New York Herald (New York City), 26 Jan. 1844, [2]; see also, for example, “Correspondence of Gen. Jos. Smith and Hon. J. C. Calhoun,” Niles’ National Register (Baltimore), 3 Feb. 1844, 357–358.

    Niles’ National Register. Washington DC, 1837–1839; Baltimore, 1839–1848; Philadelphia, 1848–1849.

Asterisk (*) denotes a "featured" version, which includes an introduction and annotation. *Letter from John C. Calhoun, 2 December 1843 Letter from John C. Calhoun, 2 December 1843, as Published in Times and Seasons Letter from John C. Calhoun, 2 December 1843, as Published in Nauvoo Neighbor Letter from John C. Calhoun, 2 December 1843, as Published in New York Herald

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Editorial Title
Letter from John C. Calhoun, 2 December 1843
ID #
1211
Total Pages
2
Print Volume Location
JSP, D13:303–307
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