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  2. Military Authorities, February 1838–August 1839

Military Authorities

Caldwell County Militia
Caldwell County

Located in northwest Missouri. Settled by whites, by 1831. Described as being “one-third timber and two-thirds prairie” in 1836. Created specifically for Latter-day Saints by Missouri state legislature, 29 Dec. 1836, in attempt to solve “Mormon problem.” ...

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supplied the soldiers for the Fifty-Ninth Regiment of the state militia.
1

Lilburn W. Boggs, Commission, Jefferson City, MO, to Amasa Lyman, 19 June 1838, Amasa Lyman Collection, CHL; William W. Phelps, Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837, CHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Lyman, Amasa. Journals, 1832–1877. Amasa Lyman Collection, 1832–1877. CHL. MS 829, boxes 1–3.

Phelps, William W. Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837. CHL.

The militia’s commander in chief was the governor,
Lilburn W. Boggs

14 Dec. 1796–14 Mar. 1860. Bookkeeper, bank cashier, merchant, Indian agent and trader, lawyer, doctor, postmaster, politician. Born at Lexington, Fayette Co., Kentucky. Son of John M. Boggs and Martha Oliver. Served in War of 1812. Moved to St. Louis, ca...

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.
2

Constitution of the State of Missouri [1820], Revised Statutes of the State of Missouri [1836], p. 20, art. 4, sec. 5.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Laws of the State of Missouri, Passed at the First Session of the Ninth General Assembly, Begun and Held at the City of Jefferson, on Monday, the Twenty-First Day of November, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Six. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Chambers and Knapp, 1841.

David R. Atchison

11 Aug. 1807–26 Jan. 1886. Lawyer, judge, agriculturist, politician, farmer. Born at Frogtown, near Lexington, Fayette Co., Kentucky. Son of William Atchison and Catherine Allen. About 1830, moved to Liberty, Clay Co., Missouri, where he became a prominent...

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served as the major general over the militia’s Third Division,
3

David R. Atchison, Adam-ondi-Ahman, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, 17 Sept. 1838, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

also called the “the northern division,”
4

“General David Rice Atchison,” in United States Biographical Dictionary, 171.


Comprehensive Works Cited

The United States Biographical Dictionary and Portrait Gallery of Eminent and Self-Made Men: Missouri Volume. New York: United States Biographical Publishing Company, 1878.

which included several of the northwestern counties, such as
Caldwell

Located in northwest Missouri. Settled by whites, by 1831. Described as being “one-third timber and two-thirds prairie” in 1836. Created specifically for Latter-day Saints by Missouri state legislature, 29 Dec. 1836, in attempt to solve “Mormon problem.” ...

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and
Daviess

Area in northwest Missouri settled by European Americans, 1830. Sparsely inhabited until 1838. Created from Ray Co., Dec. 1836, in attempt to resolve conflicts related to Latter-day Saint settlement in that region. County is transected diagonally from northwest...

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counties.
5

Hiram Parks, Millport, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 25 Sept. 1838, copy; Hiram Parks, Carroll Co., MO, to David R. Atchison, 7 Oct. 1838, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

Within the Third Division,
Hiram Parks

Ca. 1807–after 1880. Farmer, military officer, sheriff, real estate agent, hatter. Born in Tennessee. Married first Nancy McGhee, 22 Apr. 1828, in Knox Co., Tennessee. Resided in Knoxville, Knox Co., 1830. Moved to Richmond, Ray Co., Missouri, by 1835. Ray...

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served as the brigadier general over the Second Brigade,
6

Hiram Parks, Millport, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 25 Sept. 1838, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

which included
Ray

Located in northwestern Missouri. Area settled, 1815. Created from Howard Co., 1820. Initially included all state land north of Missouri River and west of Grand River. Population in 1830 about 2,700; in 1836 about 6,600; and in 1840 about 6,600. Latter-day...

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,
Caldwell

Located in northwest Missouri. Settled by whites, by 1831. Described as being “one-third timber and two-thirds prairie” in 1836. Created specifically for Latter-day Saints by Missouri state legislature, 29 Dec. 1836, in attempt to solve “Mormon problem.” ...

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, and possibly other counties.
7

Hiram Parks, Millport, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 25 Sept. 1838, copy; Hiram Parks, Carroll Co., MO, to David R. Atchison, 7 Oct. 1838, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA; Lilburn W. Boggs, Commission, Jefferson City, MO, to Amasa Lyman, 19 June 1838, Amasa Lyman Collection, CHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

Lyman, Amasa. Journals, 1832–1877. Amasa Lyman Collection, 1832–1877. CHL. MS 829, boxes 1–3.

The Fifty-Ninth Regiment was organized in mid-1837 by Latter-day Saints
William W. Phelps

17 Feb. 1792–7 Mar. 1872. Writer, teacher, printer, newspaper editor, publisher, postmaster, lawyer. Born at Hanover, Morris Co., New Jersey. Son of Enon Phelps and Mehitabel Goldsmith. Moved to Homer, Cortland Co., New York, 1800. Married Sally Waterman,...

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,
George M. Hinkle

13 Nov. 1801–Nov. 1861. Merchant, physician, publisher, minister, farmer. Born in Jefferson Co., Kentucky. Son of Michael Hinkle and Nancy Higgins. Married first Sarah Ann Starkey. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832. Moved to ...

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,
Lyman Wight

9 May 1796–31 Mar. 1858. Farmer. Born at Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York. Son of Levi Wight Jr. and Sarah Corbin. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Benton, 5 Jan. 1823, at Henrietta, Monroe Co., New York. Moved to Warrensville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, ...

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, and
Reed Peck

1814–23 Aug. 1894. Millwright, farmer. Born in Bainbridge Township, Chenango Co., New York. Son of Hezekiah Peck and Martha Long. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, ca. 1830. Moved from New York to Ohio and then to Kaw Township, Jackson...

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.
8

See William W. Phelps, Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837, CHL; Dibble, “Philo Dibble’s Narrative,” 88.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Phelps, William W. Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837. CHL.

Dibble, Philo. “Philo Dibble’s Narrative.” In Early Scenes in Church History, Faith-Promoting Series 8, pp. 74–96. Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1882.

Like other regiments, the Fifty-Ninth Regiment was commanded by a colonel and included several other officers and subdivisions.
Hinkle

13 Nov. 1801–Nov. 1861. Merchant, physician, publisher, minister, farmer. Born in Jefferson Co., Kentucky. Son of Michael Hinkle and Nancy Higgins. Married first Sarah Ann Starkey. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832. Moved to ...

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and
Wight

9 May 1796–31 Mar. 1858. Farmer. Born at Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York. Son of Levi Wight Jr. and Sarah Corbin. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Benton, 5 Jan. 1823, at Henrietta, Monroe Co., New York. Moved to Warrensville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, ...

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were commissioned as colonels. There is conflicting evidence as to who was colonel and who was lieutenant colonel. A county history that appears to draw on militia records lists Hinkle as the colonel and Wight as lieutenant colonel.
9

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139. This order is also suggested by Philo Dibble’s recollection that the regiment was organized by William W. Phelps, George M. Hinkle, Lyman Wight, and Reed Peck (listed in that order). Presumably Phelps was acting as the county’s presiding judge, with authority to call out the county regiment, and Peck may have been acting in a clerical capacity, as he later did while the regiment’s adjutant. According to Dibble’s order, Hinkle and Wight were presumably the colonel and lieutenant colonel, respectively. However, when JS’s Bill of Damages was revised for publication in the Times and Seasons, Hinkle’s title was listed as “Lieutenant Colonel,” with Wight’s title as colonel. Additionally, Wight wrote in 1857 that he had been unanimously elected as colonel in the regiment. Most contemporaneous sources refer to the men simply as “Colonel Hinkle” and “Colonel Wight,” with no further specificity, as in the original version of the Bill of Damages. (Dibble, “Philo Dibble’s Narrative,” 88; Bill of Damages, 4 June 1839; Lyman Wight, Mountain Valley, TX, to Wilford Woodruff, 24 Aug. 1857, Historian’s Office, Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861, CHL; Sampson Avard, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [8], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Pratt, History of the Late Persecution, 39–40; see also Lyman Wight, Testimony, Nauvoo, IL, 1 July 1843, Nauvoo, IL, Records, CHL.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

Dibble, Philo. “Philo Dibble’s Narrative.” In Early Scenes in Church History, Faith-Promoting Series 8, pp. 74–96. Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1882.

Historian’s Office. Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861. CHL. CR 100 93.

Nauvoo, IL. Records, 1841–1845. CHL. MS 16800.

Regiments were divided into battalions, which were commanded by majors. Battalions were in turn divided into companies, which were commanded by captains.
10

An Act More Effectually to Provide for the National Defence by Establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States [8 May 1792], The Public Statutes at Large, 2nd Cong., 1st Sess., chap. 33, p. 272, sec. 3.


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

The battalion and company substructure of the Fifty-Ninth Regiment is not known.
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

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law allowed for a regiment to have as many as sixteen companies.
11

An Act to Regulate, Govern, and Discipline the Militia of the State of Missouri [6 Feb. 1837], Laws of the State of Missouri [1841], p. 80, art. 4, sec. 11.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Laws of the State of Missouri, Passed at the First Session of the Ninth General Assembly, Begun and Held at the City of Jefferson, on Monday, the Twenty-First Day of November, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Six. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Chambers and Knapp, 1841.

The Fifty-Ninth Regiment consisted of at least seven companies. The officers in the companies are mostly unknown, except for those in the Second Company. Within the Second Company, it is possible that some of the men listed after Lewis Turner were corporals, not sergeants, matching the 3 October 1838 organization.
 
Fifty-Ninth Regiment
Colonel
George M. Hinkle

13 Nov. 1801–Nov. 1861. Merchant, physician, publisher, minister, farmer. Born in Jefferson Co., Kentucky. Son of Michael Hinkle and Nancy Higgins. Married first Sarah Ann Starkey. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832. Moved to ...

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12

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.


Comprehensive Works Cited

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

Lieutenant Colonel
Lyman Wight

9 May 1796–31 Mar. 1858. Farmer. Born at Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York. Son of Levi Wight Jr. and Sarah Corbin. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Benton, 5 Jan. 1823, at Henrietta, Monroe Co., New York. Moved to Warrensville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, ...

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13

Bill of Damages, 4 June 1839; History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.


Comprehensive Works Cited

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

Major
Jefferson Hunt

22 Jan. 1804–11 May 1879. Farmer, colonizer, scout. Born at Bracken Co., Kentucky. Son of John Hunt and Martha Jenkins. Moved to Albion, Edwards Co., Illinois, 1816. Married Celia Mounts, 1 Dec. 1823, in Illinois. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter...

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14

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.


Comprehensive Works Cited

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

Adjutant
Reed Peck

1814–23 Aug. 1894. Millwright, farmer. Born in Bainbridge Township, Chenango Co., New York. Son of Hezekiah Peck and Martha Long. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, ca. 1830. Moved from New York to Ohio and then to Kaw Township, Jackson...

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15

Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 41, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

Sergeant Major
Philo Dibble

6 June 1806–7 June 1895. Farmer, real estate developer, ferryboat operator, merchant, boardinghouse operator. Born in Peru, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts. Son of Orator Dibble and Beulah Pomeroy. Moved to Granby, Hampshire Co., Massachusetts, by 1816. Moved...

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16

William W. Phelps, Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837, CHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Phelps, William W. Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837. CHL.

 
First Company
Captain
William E. McLellin

18 Jan. 1806–14 Mar. 1883. Schoolteacher, physician, publisher. Born at Smith Co., Tennessee. Son of Charles McLellin and Sarah (a Cherokee Indian). Married first Cynthia Ann, 30 July 1829. Wife died, by summer 1831. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of...

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17

Presumably, McLellin was replaced following his apparent removal from the church in May 1838. (See Baugh, “Call to Arms,” 385–386; and JS, Journal, 11 May 1838.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Baugh, Alexander L. “A Call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri.” PhD diss., Brigham Young University, 1996. Also available as A Call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri, Dissertations in Latter-day Saint History (Provo, UT: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History; BYU Studies, 2000).

(apparently departed
Caldwell County

Located in northwest Missouri. Settled by whites, by 1831. Described as being “one-third timber and two-thirds prairie” in 1836. Created specifically for Latter-day Saints by Missouri state legislature, 29 Dec. 1836, in attempt to solve “Mormon problem.” ...

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between late May and late June 1838)
18

Porter, “Odyssey of William Earl McLellin,” 323; [William E. McLellin], Editorial, Ensign of Liberty, Mar. 1847, 9; Johnson and Romig, Index to Early Caldwell County, Missouri, Land Records, 121.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Porter, Larry C. “The Odyssey of William Earl McLellin: Man of Diversity, 1806–83.” In The Journals of William E. McLellin, 1831–1836, edited by Jan Shipps and John W. Welch, 291–378. Provo, UT: BYU Studies; Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.

Ensign of Liberty. Kirtland, OH. Mar. 1847–Aug. 1849.

Johnson, Clark V., and Ronald E. Romig. An Index to Early Caldwell County, Missouri, Land Records. Rev. ed. Independence, MO: Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation, 2002.

 
Second Company
Circa early 1838
19

Attendance List, no date, in “List of Names in Capt. Brunson Co.,” CHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

“List of Names in Capt. Brunson Co.” No date. CHL.

3 October 1838
20

“List of Names in Capt. Brunson Co.,” no date, CHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

“List of Names in Capt. Brunson Co.” No date. CHL.

Captain
21

Although the lists of company members do not mention a specific company, elsewhere Seymour Brunson stated that he served as captain of the Second Company. (Seymour Brunson, Affidavit, Adams Co., IL, 8 May 1839, Mormon Redress Petitions, CHL.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Mormon Redress Petitions, 1839–1845. CHL. MS 2703.

Captain
Seymour Brunson

1 Dec. 1798–10 Aug. 1840. Farmer. Born at Plattsburg, Clinton Co., New York. Son of Reuben Brunson and Sally Clark. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Gould of Hector, Tompkins Co., New York, ca. 1823. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day...

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Seymour Brunson

1 Dec. 1798–10 Aug. 1840. Farmer. Born at Plattsburg, Clinton Co., New York. Son of Reuben Brunson and Sally Clark. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Gould of Hector, Tompkins Co., New York, ca. 1823. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day...

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Lieutenants Lieutenant
Jerome Benson Jerome Benson
D. Chase
Ensign Ensign
William Clark
Milo Andrus

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Sergeants (or possibly Corporals) Sergeants
Chapman Duncan Eli Chase, first sergeant
Lewis Turner William R. Cole, second sergeant
Edward Larkey
James Daily

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, third sergeant
Perry Durfee

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Asa C. Earl, fourth sergeant
Edmund Durfee Jr.

3 Oct. 1788–15 Nov. 1845. Farmer, miller. Born in Tiverton, Newport Co., Rhode Island. Son of Perry Durfee and Annie Salisbury. Moved with grandparents to Broadalbin, Montgomery Co., New York, 1801. Married Magdalena Pickle, ca. 1810. Moved to Lenox, Madison...

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William Hawk Corporals
John Rudd

16 June 1779–after 1835. Distiller. Born at Bennington, Bennington Co., Vermont. Son of John Rudd and Chloe Hills. Moved to Richfield, Otsego Co., New York, by Aug. 1800. Married first Avis Whitaker, 1 Feb. 1801. A pioneer settler of Springfield, Erie Co....

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William Jay, first corporal
Lyman Stevens Uriah B. Powell, second corporal
Nelson Mainard, third corporal
Philo Allen, fourth corporal
 
Seventh Company
Captain
Amasa Lyman

30 Mar. 1813–4 Feb. 1877. Boatman, gunsmith, farmer. Born at Lyman, Grafton Co., New Hampshire. Son of Roswell Lyman and Martha Mason. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Lyman E. Johnson, 27 Apr. 1832. Moved to Hiram, Portage Co....

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22

Lilburn W. Boggs, Commission, Jefferson City, MO, to Amasa Lyman, 19 June 1838, Amasa Lyman Collection, CHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Lyman, Amasa. Journals, 1832–1877. Amasa Lyman Collection, 1832–1877. CHL. MS 829, boxes 1–3.

First Lieutenant
Joseph Holbrook

16 Jan. 1806–14 Nov. 1885. Farmer, teacher, carpenter, miner, clerk, policeman, probate judge. Born at Florence, Oneida Co., New York. Son of Moses Holbrook and Hannah Lucretia Morton. Moved to Worcester Co., Massachusetts, June 1813. Married first Nancy ...

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23

Holbrook, Reminiscences, 43.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Holbrook, Joseph. Reminiscences, not before 1871. Photocopy. CHL. MS 5004. Original in private possession.

 
Officers in One or More Unidentified Companies
Captain
John Killian

25 Apr. 1796–10 Nov. 1858. Born in Lincoln Co., North Carolina. Son of Phillip Killian and Mary Hockins. Moved to Missouri. Married first Lydia Ann Hopper Conley, 25 Aug. 1818, in Howard Co., Missouri. Moved to Lexington, Lillard Co., Missouri, 1818. Moved...

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24

Pratt, History of the Late Persecution, 33.


Captain
Arthur Morrison

Ca. 1802–after 1850. Merchant, tailor, militia captain, judge. Born in Virginia. Moved to Batavia, Clermont Co., Ohio, by 1825. Married Keziah Ann Voriz, 17 Nov. 1825, in Clermont Co. Moved to Palestine, Darke Co., Ohio, by 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus...

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25

Arthur Morrison, Affidavit, Adams Co., IL, 1 Nov. 1839, Mormon Redress Petitions, CHL; Corrill, Brief History, 41.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Mormon Redress Petitions, 1839–1845. CHL. MS 2703.

Lieutenant
George P. Dykes
26

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.


Comprehensive Works Cited

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

Ensign
Jacob Gates

9 Mar. 1811–14 Apr. 1892. Farmer, carpenter, politician. Born in St. Johnsbury, Caledonia Co., Vermont. Son of Thomas Gates and Patty Plumly. Married Mary Minerva Snow, 16 Mar. 1833, in St. Johnsbury. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints...

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27

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.


Comprehensive Works Cited

History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

 
Society of the Daughter of Zion (Danites)
The
Society of the Daughter of Zion

The common name for the “Daughter of Zion,” an oath-bound military society organized among the Latter-day Saints in Missouri in summer 1838 to defend the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints from internal and external opposition. The official name ...

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was an oath-bound military society organized among the Latter-day Saints in
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

More Info
circa late June 1838 to defend the church from internal and external opposition. The members of this organization soon became known as Danites.
28

See “Danites” in the glossary.


The exact organizational structure of the society is difficult to reconstruct because of a scarcity of sources. A constitution for the society was presented in court in the Missouri government’s case against JS. Although it is uncertain whether JS ever approved of this constitution, his journal and other contemporaneous sources confirm that the society implemented several organizational aspects that were articulated in the constitution.
29

See Constitution of the Society of the Daughter of Zion, ca. Late June 1838.


The society’s constitution described an executive branch consisting of the
First Presidency

The highest presiding body of the church. An 11 November 1831 revelation stated that the president of the high priesthood was to preside over the church. JS was ordained as president of the high priesthood on 25 January 1832. In March 1832, JS appointed two...

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and a legislative branch consisting of the First Presidency as well as generals and colonels. The constitution also outlined the function of a secretary of war and specified that the military forces were to be led by a captain general.
30

Constitution of the Society of the Daughter of Zion, ca. Late June 1838.


The general membership of the society was apparently organized in a military style, with generals, colonels, and other officers. Some participants described a command structure of captains of thousands, captains of hundreds, captains of fifties, and captains of tens. No captains of thousands or of hundreds have been identified. Given the size of these units and the general parallel between Danite offices and militia offices, captains of thousands and of hundreds may have gone by other military titles.
31

Stout, Reminiscences, 9–10; Rockwood, Journal, 22 Oct. 1838.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Stout, Hosea. Reminiscences and Journals, 1845–1869. Microfilm. CHL. Originals at Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City. Also available as On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844–1861, edited by Juanita Brooks, 2 vols. (1964. Reprint, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1982).

Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

The generals were apparently general officers over the Danites in both
Caldwell

Located in northwest Missouri. Settled by whites, by 1831. Described as being “one-third timber and two-thirds prairie” in 1836. Created specifically for Latter-day Saints by Missouri state legislature, 29 Dec. 1836, in attempt to solve “Mormon problem.” ...

More Info
and
Daviess

Area in northwest Missouri settled by European Americans, 1830. Sparsely inhabited until 1838. Created from Ray Co., Dec. 1836, in attempt to resolve conflicts related to Latter-day Saint settlement in that region. County is transected diagonally from northwest...

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counties. Caldwell County probably had at least one captain of fifty, as did Daviess County, but none have been identified. The division in Daviess County may not have had a lieutenant colonel or a major because of the much smaller number of Saints in that county. The following charts show only the known officers.
Captain General
Jared Carter

14 June 1801–6 July 1849. Born at Killingworth, Middlesex Co., Connecticut. Son of Gideon Carter and Johanna Sims. Moved to Benson, Rutland Co., Vermont, by 1810. Married Lydia Ames, 20 Sept. 1823, at Benson. Moved to Chenango, Broome Co., New York, by Jan...

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32

“Celebration of the 4th of July,” Elders’ Journal, Aug. 1838, 60; Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 45, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

(removed early July 1838)
33

Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 47, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

Elias Higbee

23 Oct. 1795–8 June 1843. Clerk, judge, surveyor. Born at Galloway, Gloucester Co., New Jersey. Son of Isaac Higbee and Sophia Somers. Moved to Clermont Co., Ohio, 1803. Married Sarah Elizabeth Ward, 10 Sept. 1818, in Tate Township, Clermont Co. Lived at ...

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34

JS, Journal, 7–9 Aug. 1838; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, pp. 47–48, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

(appointed early July 1838)
Major General
Sampson Avard

23 Oct. 1800–15 Apr. 1869. Physician. Born at St. Peter, Isle of Guernsey, Channel Islands, Great Britain. Migrated to U.S., by 1830. Married Eliza, a native of Virginia. Located at Washington DC, 1830. Moved to Virginia, by 1831. Moved to Freedom, Beaver...

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35

In the November 1838 trial, the court reporter quoted Reed Peck as saying Avard was a brigadier general in the Danite society, but Peck’s 1839 history states that Avard was the major general of the Danites. This later identification is consistent with the report of the 4 July 1838 celebration, which lists Avard between Jared Carter and Cornelius P. Lott. (Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 48, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; “Celebration of the 4th of July,” Elders’ Journal, Aug. 1838, 60; see also JS, Journal, 7–9 Aug. 1838.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

(removed after 8 August 1838)
36

The last time Avard was recorded as being a leader in a Danite operation was during the 8 August 1838 confrontation at Adam Black’s home, where Avard reportedly threatened Black’s life. JS removed Avard from his command sometime after the confrontation with Black and assigned Avard the office of surgeon. (Affidavit, 5 Sept. 1838; Phelps, Reminiscences, 7–9; Sampson Avard, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [6], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Phelps, Morris. Reminiscences, no date. CHL. MS 271.

Brigadier General
Cornelius P. Lott

27 Sept. 1798–6 July 1850. Farmer. Born in New York City. Son of Peter Lott and Mary Jane Smiley. Married Permelia Darrow, 27 Apr. 1823, in Bridgewater Township, Susquehanna Co., Pennsylvania. Lived in Bridgewater Township, 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus...

View Full Bio
37

In the November 1838 trial, the court reporter quoted Reed Peck as saying that Lott was a major general in the Danite society, but Peck’s 1839 history states that Lott was the brigadier general of the Danites. This later identification is consistent with the report of the 4 July 1838 celebration, which lists Lott last, after Jared Carter and Sampson Avard. (Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 45, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; “Celebration of the 4th of July,” Elders’ Journal, Aug. 1838, 60.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

Adjutant
Reed Peck

1814–23 Aug. 1894. Millwright, farmer. Born in Bainbridge Township, Chenango Co., New York. Son of Hezekiah Peck and Martha Long. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, ca. 1830. Moved from New York to Ohio and then to Kaw Township, Jackson...

View Full Bio
38

Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 41, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

 
Caldwell County Daviess County
Colonel Colonel
George W. Robinson

14 May 1814–10 Feb. 1878. Clerk, postmaster, merchant, clothier, banker. Born at Pawlet, Rutland Co., Vermont. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and moved to Kirtland, Geauga Co., Ohio, by 1836. Clerk and recorder for Kirtland high...

View Full Bio
39

JS, Journal, 7–9 Aug. 1838; Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [55], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 45, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

Lyman Wight

9 May 1796–31 Mar. 1858. Farmer. Born at Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York. Son of Levi Wight Jr. and Sarah Corbin. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Benton, 5 Jan. 1823, at Henrietta, Monroe Co., New York. Moved to Warrensville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, ...

View Full Bio
40

Although extant documents do not explicitly identify Wight as a colonel in the Danite society at Adam-ondi-Ahman, they clearly depict him as the leader of the Danites at that settlement. He also held a state militia commission as colonel and, like Robinson, may have held a similar position among the Danites. (Swartzell, Mormonism Exposed, 20–23, 26; JS, Journal, 7–9 Aug. 1838; Lyman Wight, Testimony, Nauvoo, IL, 1 July 1843, p. 10, Nauvoo, IL, Records, CHL.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Swartzell, William. Mormonism Exposed, Being a Journal of a Residence in Missouri from the 28th of May to the 20th of August, 1838, Together with an Appendix, Containing the Revelation concerning the Golden Bible, with Numerous Extracts from the ‘Book of Covenants,’ &c., &c. Pekin, OH: By the author, 1840.

Nauvoo, IL. Records, 1841–1845. CHL. MS 16800.

Lieutenant Colonel
Philo Dibble

6 June 1806–7 June 1895. Farmer, real estate developer, ferryboat operator, merchant, boardinghouse operator. Born in Peru, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts. Son of Orator Dibble and Beulah Pomeroy. Moved to Granby, Hampshire Co., Massachusetts, by 1816. Moved...

View Full Bio
41

Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [55], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”


Major Captains of Fifties
Seymour Brunson

1 Dec. 1798–10 Aug. 1840. Farmer. Born at Plattsburg, Clinton Co., New York. Son of Reuben Brunson and Sally Clark. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Gould of Hector, Tompkins Co., New York, ca. 1823. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day...

View Full Bio
42

Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”


Reynolds Cahoon

30 Apr. 1790–29 Apr. 1861. Farmer, tanner, builder. Born at Cambridge, Washington Co., New York. Son of William Cahoon Jr. and Mehitable Hodges. Married Thirza Stiles, 11 Dec. 1810. Moved to northeastern Ohio, 1811. Located at Harpersfield, Ashtabula Co.,...

View Full Bio
43

Stout, Reminiscences, 9–10.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Stout, Hosea. Reminiscences and Journals, 1845–1869. Microfilm. CHL. Originals at Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City. Also available as On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844–1861, edited by Juanita Brooks, 2 vols. (1964. Reprint, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1982).

Captains of Tens Captains of Tens
Unidentified
44

JS, Journal, 27 July 1838. King Follett was identified as a “captain of 12,” which was perhaps an error, with the intended meaning a “captain of 10.” (Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [62], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”)


James Sloan

28 Oct. 1792–24 Oct. 1886. City recorder, notary public, attorney, judge, farmer. Born in Donaghmore, Co. Tyrone, Ireland. Son of Alexander Sloan and Anne. Married Mary Magill. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Ordained an elder, ...

View Full Bio
45

Swartzell, Mormonism Exposed, 23.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Swartzell, William. Mormonism Exposed, Being a Journal of a Residence in Missouri from the 28th of May to the 20th of August, 1838, Together with an Appendix, Containing the Revelation concerning the Golden Bible, with Numerous Extracts from the ‘Book of Covenants,’ &c., &c. Pekin, OH: By the author, 1840.

 
War Department
It is unclear how long the original command structure of the
Danites

The common name for the “Daughter of Zion,” an oath-bound military society organized among the Latter-day Saints in Missouri in summer 1838 to defend the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints from internal and external opposition. The official name ...

View Glossary
continued or whether or to what extent the small, secret, oath-bound society that started in summer 1838 had continuity with the much larger military force of mid-October, which included many if not most of the adult male members of the church.
46

See Rockwood, Journal, 22 Oct. 1838.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

Multiple sources attest that the term Danites was being used—perhaps informally—to describe the large Mormon military force that was active in October.
47

Rockwood, Journal, 22–23 Oct. 1838; Shurtliff, Autobiography, 125, 131; George M. Hinkle, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [40], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”


Comprehensive Works Cited

Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

Shurtliff, Luman Andros. Autobiography and Journal, ca. 1852–1876. CHL. MS 1605.

If this military force had continuity with the original Danite society, the original organization had significantly transformed. For example, in the October structure,
Sampson Avard

23 Oct. 1800–15 Apr. 1869. Physician. Born at St. Peter, Isle of Guernsey, Channel Islands, Great Britain. Migrated to U.S., by 1830. Married Eliza, a native of Virginia. Located at Washington DC, 1830. Moved to Virginia, by 1831. Moved to Freedom, Beaver...

View Full Bio
held the office of surgeon instead of his former position of major general.
48

Sampson Avard, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [6], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, in “Evidence.”


Further, the primary military leaders in October were
Lyman Wight

9 May 1796–31 Mar. 1858. Farmer. Born at Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York. Son of Levi Wight Jr. and Sarah Corbin. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Benton, 5 Jan. 1823, at Henrietta, Monroe Co., New York. Moved to Warrensville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, ...

View Full Bio
,
David W. Patten

14 Nov. 1799–25 Oct. 1838. Farmer. Born in Vermont. Son of Benoni Patten and Edith Cole. Moved to Theresa, Oneida Co., New York, as a young child. Moved to Dundee, Monroe Co., Michigan Territory, as a youth. Married Phoebe Ann Babcock, 1828, in Dundee. Affiliated...

View Full Bio
, and
Seymour Brunson

1 Dec. 1798–10 Aug. 1840. Farmer. Born at Plattsburg, Clinton Co., New York. Son of Reuben Brunson and Sally Clark. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Gould of Hector, Tompkins Co., New York, ca. 1823. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day...

View Full Bio
instead of Generals
Elias Higbee

23 Oct. 1795–8 June 1843. Clerk, judge, surveyor. Born at Galloway, Gloucester Co., New Jersey. Son of Isaac Higbee and Sophia Somers. Moved to Clermont Co., Ohio, 1803. Married Sarah Elizabeth Ward, 10 Sept. 1818, in Tate Township, Clermont Co. Lived at ...

View Full Bio
and
Cornelius P. Lott

27 Sept. 1798–6 July 1850. Farmer. Born in New York City. Son of Peter Lott and Mary Jane Smiley. Married Permelia Darrow, 27 Apr. 1823, in Bridgewater Township, Susquehanna Co., Pennsylvania. Lived in Bridgewater Township, 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus...

View Full Bio
, although Higbee may have continued in an executive capacity.
49

Nathaniel Carr, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, pp. [48]–[49], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”


It is also unclear how much overlap there was between positions in the church militia and the
Caldwell County

Located in northwest Missouri. Settled by whites, by 1831. Described as being “one-third timber and two-thirds prairie” in 1836. Created specifically for Latter-day Saints by Missouri state legislature, 29 Dec. 1836, in attempt to solve “Mormon problem.” ...

More Info
regiment of the
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

More Info
state militia.
Albert P. Rockwood

9 June 1805–25 Nov. 1879. Stonecutter, merchant, prison warden. Born in Holliston, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Luther Rockwood and Ruth Perry. Married Nancy Haven, 4 Apr. 1827. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Brigham ...

View Full Bio
, one of the men who used the term Danites to describe Mormon forces, more often used the term armies of Israel,
50

Rockwood, Journal, 6 and 22 Oct. 1838.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

perhaps as an informal title. In November, witnesses testifying in the court hearing about the October conflict also used the word army to describe the Mormon military.
51

Morris Phelps, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [29]; Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [58]; Burr Riggs, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [76], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”


On 24 October, in a council meeting held in
Sidney Rigdon’s

19 Feb. 1793–14 July 1876. Tanner, farmer, minister. Born at St. Clair, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania. Son of William Rigdon and Nancy Gallaher. Joined United Baptists, ca. 1818. Preached at Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, and vicinity, 1819–1821. Married Phebe...

View Full Bio
home, JS and other officers reorganized the command structure of the Mormon “war department,” which included the officers in the following chart.
52

Sampson Avard, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [8]; George Walter, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [37]; George M. Hinkle, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, pp. [40]–[41], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; see also Rockwood, Journal, 22 Oct. 1838.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

Caldwell County Daviess County
Colonel Commander in Chief (Infantry) Colonel Commander in Chief (Infantry)
George M. Hinkle

13 Nov. 1801–Nov. 1861. Merchant, physician, publisher, minister, farmer. Born in Jefferson Co., Kentucky. Son of Michael Hinkle and Nancy Higgins. Married first Sarah Ann Starkey. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832. Moved to ...

View Full Bio
Lyman Wight

9 May 1796–31 Mar. 1858. Farmer. Born at Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York. Son of Levi Wight Jr. and Sarah Corbin. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Benton, 5 Jan. 1823, at Henrietta, Monroe Co., New York. Moved to Warrensville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, ...

View Full Bio
Captain (Cavalry) Captain (Cavalry)
David W. Patten

14 Nov. 1799–25 Oct. 1838. Farmer. Born in Vermont. Son of Benoni Patten and Edith Cole. Moved to Theresa, Oneida Co., New York, as a young child. Moved to Dundee, Monroe Co., Michigan Territory, as a youth. Married Phoebe Ann Babcock, 1828, in Dundee. Affiliated...

View Full Bio
Seymour Brunson

1 Dec. 1798–10 Aug. 1840. Farmer. Born at Plattsburg, Clinton Co., New York. Son of Reuben Brunson and Sally Clark. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Gould of Hector, Tompkins Co., New York, ca. 1823. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day...

View Full Bio
 
Officers in Unidentified Organizations
Historical accounts of the October 1838 conflict between the Latter-day Saints and other Missourians mention several officers without clarifying whether they held offices in the state militia, the
Danite

The common name for the “Daughter of Zion,” an oath-bound military society organized among the Latter-day Saints in Missouri in summer 1838 to defend the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints from internal and external opposition. The official name ...

View Glossary
society, the Army of Israel, a posse comitatus, or some other well or loosely defined organization—or even some combination of these organizations.
Captains Lieutenants
Charles C. Rich

21 Aug. 1809–17 Nov. 1883. Schoolteacher, farmer, cooper. Born in Campbell Co., Kentucky. Son of Joseph Rich and Nancy O’Neal. Moved to Posey Township, Dearborn Co., Indiana, ca. 1810. Moved to Tazewell Co., Illinois, 1829. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ...

View Full Bio
, captain of fifty
53

Charles C. Rich, Autobiographical Sketch, no date, Charles C. Rich Collection, CHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Rich, Charles C. Collection, 1832–1908. CHL. MS 889.

Parley P. Pratt

12 Apr. 1807–13 May 1857. Farmer, editor, publisher, teacher, school administrator, legislator, explorer, author. Born at Burlington, Otsego Co., New York. Son of Jared Pratt and Charity Dickinson. Traveled west with brother William to acquire land, 1823....

View Full Bio
, first lieutenant
54

Ebenezer Robinson, “Items of Personal History of the Editor,” Return, Dec. 1889, 188.


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Return. Davis City, IA, 1889–1891; Richmond, MO, 1892–1893; Davis City, 1895–1896; Denver, 1898; Independence, MO, 1899–1900.

John Murdock

15 July 1792–23 Dec. 1871. Farmer. Born at Kortright, Delaware Co., New York. Son of John Murdock Sr. and Eleanor Riggs. Joined Lutheran Dutch Church, ca. 1817, then Presbyterian Seceder Church shortly after. Moved to Orange, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, ca. 1819....

View Full Bio
, captain of ten
55

Murdock, Journal, 1 Oct. 1838, 101.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Murdock, John. Journal, ca. 1830–1859. John Murdock, Journal and Autobiography, ca. 1830–1867. CHL. MS 1194, fd. 2.

Ebenezer Robinson

25 May 1816–11 Mar. 1891. Printer, editor, publisher. Born at Floyd (near Rome), Oneida Co., New York. Son of Nathan Robinson and Mary Brown. Moved to Utica, Oneida Co., ca. 1831, and learned printing trade at Utica Observer. Moved to Ravenna, Portage Co....

View Full Bio
, second lieutenant/ensign
56

Ebenezer Robinson, “Items of Personal History of the Editor,” Return, Dec. 1889, 188.


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Return. Davis City, IA, 1889–1891; Richmond, MO, 1892–1893; Davis City, 1895–1896; Denver, 1898; Independence, MO, 1899–1900.

William Allred
57

JS, Journal, 9 Sept. 1838.


Jonathan Dunham

14 Jan. 1800–28 July 1845. Soldier, police captain. Born in Paris, Oneida Co., New York. Son of Jonathan Dunham. Married Mary Kendall. Moved to Rushford, Allegany Co., New York, by 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and ordained...

View Full Bio
58

Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [61], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”


James Durfee

9 Sept. 1794–16/17 July 1844. Likely born in Tiverton, Newport Co., Rhode Island. Son of Perry Durfee and Annie Salisbury (Sulsbury). Moved with grandparents James and Ann Borden Durfee to Broadalbin, Montgomery Co., New York, 1801. Married Cynthia. Moved...

View Full Bio
59

Pratt, History of the Late Persecution, 33; Charles C. Rich, Statement, ca. Feb. 1845, Historian’s Office, JS History Documents, 1839–1860, CHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Documents, 1839–1860. CHL. CR 100 396.

David Evans
60

Isaac Leany, Statement, Quincy, IL, 20 Apr. 1839, photocopy, Material Relating to Mormon Expulsion from Missouri, 1839–1843, CHL.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Material Relating to Mormon Expulsion from Missouri, 1839–1843. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2145.

Alexander McRae

7 Sept. 1807–20 June 1891. Tailor, sheriff, prison warden. Born in Anson Co., North Carolina. Son of John B. McRae and Mary. Moved to South Carolina; to Iredell Co., North Carolina; and back to South Carolina. Enlisted in U.S. Army, Mar. 1829, and served ...

View Full Bio
61

Nathaniel Carr, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [49], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”


Ephraim Owen
62

George A. Smith, Autobiography, 110.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.

David W. Patten

14 Nov. 1799–25 Oct. 1838. Farmer. Born in Vermont. Son of Benoni Patten and Edith Cole. Moved to Theresa, Oneida Co., New York, as a young child. Moved to Dundee, Monroe Co., Michigan Territory, as a youth. Married Phoebe Ann Babcock, 1828, in Dundee. Affiliated...

View Full Bio
63

Ebenezer Robinson, “Items of Personal History of the Editor,” Return, Dec. 1889, 188.


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Return. Davis City, IA, 1889–1891; Richmond, MO, 1892–1893; Davis City, 1895–1896; Denver, 1898; Independence, MO, 1899–1900.

  1. 1

    Lilburn W. Boggs, Commission, Jefferson City, MO, to Amasa Lyman, 19 June 1838, Amasa Lyman Collection, CHL; William W. Phelps, Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837, CHL.

    Lyman, Amasa. Journals, 1832–1877. Amasa Lyman Collection, 1832–1877. CHL. MS 829, boxes 1–3.

    Phelps, William W. Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837. CHL.

  2. 2

    Constitution of the State of Missouri [1820], Revised Statutes of the State of Missouri [1836], p. 20, art. 4, sec. 5.

    Laws of the State of Missouri, Passed at the First Session of the Ninth General Assembly, Begun and Held at the City of Jefferson, on Monday, the Twenty-First Day of November, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Six. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Chambers and Knapp, 1841.

  3. 3

    David R. Atchison, Adam-ondi-Ahman, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, 17 Sept. 1838, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA.

    Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

  4. 4

    “General David Rice Atchison,” in United States Biographical Dictionary, 171.

    The United States Biographical Dictionary and Portrait Gallery of Eminent and Self-Made Men: Missouri Volume. New York: United States Biographical Publishing Company, 1878.

  5. 5

    Hiram Parks, Millport, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 25 Sept. 1838, copy; Hiram Parks, Carroll Co., MO, to David R. Atchison, 7 Oct. 1838, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA.

    Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

  6. 6

    Hiram Parks, Millport, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 25 Sept. 1838, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA.

    Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

  7. 7

    Hiram Parks, Millport, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 25 Sept. 1838, copy; Hiram Parks, Carroll Co., MO, to David R. Atchison, 7 Oct. 1838, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA; Lilburn W. Boggs, Commission, Jefferson City, MO, to Amasa Lyman, 19 June 1838, Amasa Lyman Collection, CHL.

    Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

    Lyman, Amasa. Journals, 1832–1877. Amasa Lyman Collection, 1832–1877. CHL. MS 829, boxes 1–3.

  8. 8

    See William W. Phelps, Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837, CHL; Dibble, “Philo Dibble’s Narrative,” 88.

    Phelps, William W. Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837. CHL.

    Dibble, Philo. “Philo Dibble’s Narrative.” In Early Scenes in Church History, Faith-Promoting Series 8, pp. 74–96. Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1882.

  9. 9

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139. This order is also suggested by Philo Dibble’s recollection that the regiment was organized by William W. Phelps, George M. Hinkle, Lyman Wight, and Reed Peck (listed in that order). Presumably Phelps was acting as the county’s presiding judge, with authority to call out the county regiment, and Peck may have been acting in a clerical capacity, as he later did while the regiment’s adjutant. According to Dibble’s order, Hinkle and Wight were presumably the colonel and lieutenant colonel, respectively. However, when JS’s Bill of Damages was revised for publication in the Times and Seasons, Hinkle’s title was listed as “Lieutenant Colonel,” with Wight’s title as colonel. Additionally, Wight wrote in 1857 that he had been unanimously elected as colonel in the regiment. Most contemporaneous sources refer to the men simply as “Colonel Hinkle” and “Colonel Wight,” with no further specificity, as in the original version of the Bill of Damages. (Dibble, “Philo Dibble’s Narrative,” 88; Bill of Damages, 4 June 1839; Lyman Wight, Mountain Valley, TX, to Wilford Woodruff, 24 Aug. 1857, Historian’s Office, Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861, CHL; Sampson Avard, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [8], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Pratt, History of the Late Persecution, 39–40; see also Lyman Wight, Testimony, Nauvoo, IL, 1 July 1843, Nauvoo, IL, Records, CHL.)

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

    Dibble, Philo. “Philo Dibble’s Narrative.” In Early Scenes in Church History, Faith-Promoting Series 8, pp. 74–96. Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1882.

    Historian’s Office. Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861. CHL. CR 100 93.

    Nauvoo, IL. Records, 1841–1845. CHL. MS 16800.

  10. 10

    An Act More Effectually to Provide for the National Defence by Establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States [8 May 1792], The Public Statutes at Large, 2nd Cong., 1st Sess., chap. 33, p. 272, sec. 3.

    The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

  11. 11

    An Act to Regulate, Govern, and Discipline the Militia of the State of Missouri [6 Feb. 1837], Laws of the State of Missouri [1841], p. 80, art. 4, sec. 11.

    Laws of the State of Missouri, Passed at the First Session of the Ninth General Assembly, Begun and Held at the City of Jefferson, on Monday, the Twenty-First Day of November, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Six. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Chambers and Knapp, 1841.

  12. 12

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

  13. 13

    Bill of Damages, 4 June 1839; History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

  14. 14

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

  15. 15

    Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 41, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

    Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

  16. 16

    William W. Phelps, Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837, CHL.

    Phelps, William W. Commission to Philo Dibble, 23 Aug. 1837. CHL.

  17. 17

    Presumably, McLellin was replaced following his apparent removal from the church in May 1838. (See Baugh, “Call to Arms,” 385–386; and JS, Journal, 11 May 1838.)

    Baugh, Alexander L. “A Call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri.” PhD diss., Brigham Young University, 1996. Also available as A Call to Arms: The 1838 Mormon Defense of Northern Missouri, Dissertations in Latter-day Saint History (Provo, UT: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History; BYU Studies, 2000).

  18. 18

    Porter, “Odyssey of William Earl McLellin,” 323; [William E. McLellin], Editorial, Ensign of Liberty, Mar. 1847, 9; Johnson and Romig, Index to Early Caldwell County, Missouri, Land Records, 121.

    Porter, Larry C. “The Odyssey of William Earl McLellin: Man of Diversity, 1806–83.” In The Journals of William E. McLellin, 1831–1836, edited by Jan Shipps and John W. Welch, 291–378. Provo, UT: BYU Studies; Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.

    Ensign of Liberty. Kirtland, OH. Mar. 1847–Aug. 1849.

    Johnson, Clark V., and Ronald E. Romig. An Index to Early Caldwell County, Missouri, Land Records. Rev. ed. Independence, MO: Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation, 2002.

  19. 19

    Attendance List, no date, in “List of Names in Capt. Brunson Co.,” CHL.

    “List of Names in Capt. Brunson Co.” No date. CHL.

  20. 20

    “List of Names in Capt. Brunson Co.,” no date, CHL.

    “List of Names in Capt. Brunson Co.” No date. CHL.

  21. 21

    Although the lists of company members do not mention a specific company, elsewhere Seymour Brunson stated that he served as captain of the Second Company. (Seymour Brunson, Affidavit, Adams Co., IL, 8 May 1839, Mormon Redress Petitions, CHL.)

    Mormon Redress Petitions, 1839–1845. CHL. MS 2703.

  22. 22

    Lilburn W. Boggs, Commission, Jefferson City, MO, to Amasa Lyman, 19 June 1838, Amasa Lyman Collection, CHL.

    Lyman, Amasa. Journals, 1832–1877. Amasa Lyman Collection, 1832–1877. CHL. MS 829, boxes 1–3.

  23. 23

    Holbrook, Reminiscences, 43.

    Holbrook, Joseph. Reminiscences, not before 1871. Photocopy. CHL. MS 5004. Original in private possession.

  24. 24

    Pratt, History of the Late Persecution, 33.

  25. 25

    Arthur Morrison, Affidavit, Adams Co., IL, 1 Nov. 1839, Mormon Redress Petitions, CHL; Corrill, Brief History, 41.

    Mormon Redress Petitions, 1839–1845. CHL. MS 2703.

  26. 26

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

  27. 27

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 139.

    History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.

  28. 28

    See “Danites” in the glossary.

  29. 29

    See Constitution of the Society of the Daughter of Zion, ca. Late June 1838.

  30. 30

    Constitution of the Society of the Daughter of Zion, ca. Late June 1838.

  31. 31

    Stout, Reminiscences, 9–10; Rockwood, Journal, 22 Oct. 1838.

    Stout, Hosea. Reminiscences and Journals, 1845–1869. Microfilm. CHL. Originals at Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City. Also available as On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844–1861, edited by Juanita Brooks, 2 vols. (1964. Reprint, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1982).

    Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

  32. 32

    “Celebration of the 4th of July,” Elders’ Journal, Aug. 1838, 60; Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 45, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

    Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

  33. 33

    Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 47, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

    Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

  34. 34

    JS, Journal, 7–9 Aug. 1838; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, pp. 47–48, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

    Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

  35. 35

    In the November 1838 trial, the court reporter quoted Reed Peck as saying Avard was a brigadier general in the Danite society, but Peck’s 1839 history states that Avard was the major general of the Danites. This later identification is consistent with the report of the 4 July 1838 celebration, which lists Avard between Jared Carter and Cornelius P. Lott. (Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 48, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; “Celebration of the 4th of July,” Elders’ Journal, Aug. 1838, 60; see also JS, Journal, 7–9 Aug. 1838.)

    Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

  36. 36

    The last time Avard was recorded as being a leader in a Danite operation was during the 8 August 1838 confrontation at Adam Black’s home, where Avard reportedly threatened Black’s life. JS removed Avard from his command sometime after the confrontation with Black and assigned Avard the office of surgeon. (Affidavit, 5 Sept. 1838; Phelps, Reminiscences, 7–9; Sampson Avard, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [6], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”)

    Phelps, Morris. Reminiscences, no date. CHL. MS 271.

  37. 37

    In the November 1838 trial, the court reporter quoted Reed Peck as saying that Lott was a major general in the Danite society, but Peck’s 1839 history states that Lott was the brigadier general of the Danites. This later identification is consistent with the report of the 4 July 1838 celebration, which lists Lott last, after Jared Carter and Sampson Avard. (Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 45, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; “Celebration of the 4th of July,” Elders’ Journal, Aug. 1838, 60.)

    Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

  38. 38

    Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 41, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

    Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

  39. 39

    JS, Journal, 7–9 Aug. 1838; Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [55], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; Reed Peck, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839, p. 45, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

    Peck, Reed. Letter, Quincy, IL, to “Dear Friends,” 18 Sept. 1839. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

  40. 40

    Although extant documents do not explicitly identify Wight as a colonel in the Danite society at Adam-ondi-Ahman, they clearly depict him as the leader of the Danites at that settlement. He also held a state militia commission as colonel and, like Robinson, may have held a similar position among the Danites. (Swartzell, Mormonism Exposed, 20–23, 26; JS, Journal, 7–9 Aug. 1838; Lyman Wight, Testimony, Nauvoo, IL, 1 July 1843, p. 10, Nauvoo, IL, Records, CHL.)

    Swartzell, William. Mormonism Exposed, Being a Journal of a Residence in Missouri from the 28th of May to the 20th of August, 1838, Together with an Appendix, Containing the Revelation concerning the Golden Bible, with Numerous Extracts from the ‘Book of Covenants,’ &c., &c. Pekin, OH: By the author, 1840.

    Nauvoo, IL. Records, 1841–1845. CHL. MS 16800.

  41. 41

    Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [55], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”

  42. 42

    Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [56], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”

  43. 43

    Stout, Reminiscences, 9–10.

    Stout, Hosea. Reminiscences and Journals, 1845–1869. Microfilm. CHL. Originals at Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City. Also available as On the Mormon Frontier: The Diary of Hosea Stout, 1844–1861, edited by Juanita Brooks, 2 vols. (1964. Reprint, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1982).

  44. 44

    JS, Journal, 27 July 1838. King Follett was identified as a “captain of 12,” which was perhaps an error, with the intended meaning a “captain of 10.” (Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [62], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”)

  45. 45

    Swartzell, Mormonism Exposed, 23.

    Swartzell, William. Mormonism Exposed, Being a Journal of a Residence in Missouri from the 28th of May to the 20th of August, 1838, Together with an Appendix, Containing the Revelation concerning the Golden Bible, with Numerous Extracts from the ‘Book of Covenants,’ &c., &c. Pekin, OH: By the author, 1840.

  46. 46

    See Rockwood, Journal, 22 Oct. 1838.

    Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

  47. 47

    Rockwood, Journal, 22–23 Oct. 1838; Shurtliff, Autobiography, 125, 131; George M. Hinkle, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [40], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”

    Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

    Shurtliff, Luman Andros. Autobiography and Journal, ca. 1852–1876. CHL. MS 1605.

  48. 48

    Sampson Avard, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [6], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, in “Evidence.”

  49. 49

    Nathaniel Carr, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, pp. [48]–[49], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”

  50. 50

    Rockwood, Journal, 6 and 22 Oct. 1838.

    Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

  51. 51

    Morris Phelps, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [29]; Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [58]; Burr Riggs, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [76], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”

  52. 52

    Sampson Avard, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [8]; George Walter, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [37]; George M. Hinkle, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, pp. [40]–[41], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; see also Rockwood, Journal, 22 Oct. 1838.

    Rockwood, Albert Perry. Journal Entries, Oct. 1838–Jan. 1839. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2606.

  53. 53

    Charles C. Rich, Autobiographical Sketch, no date, Charles C. Rich Collection, CHL.

    Rich, Charles C. Collection, 1832–1908. CHL. MS 889.

  54. 54

    Ebenezer Robinson, “Items of Personal History of the Editor,” Return, Dec. 1889, 188.

    The Return. Davis City, IA, 1889–1891; Richmond, MO, 1892–1893; Davis City, 1895–1896; Denver, 1898; Independence, MO, 1899–1900.

  55. 55

    Murdock, Journal, 1 Oct. 1838, 101.

    Murdock, John. Journal, ca. 1830–1859. John Murdock, Journal and Autobiography, ca. 1830–1867. CHL. MS 1194, fd. 2.

  56. 56

    Ebenezer Robinson, “Items of Personal History of the Editor,” Return, Dec. 1889, 188.

    The Return. Davis City, IA, 1889–1891; Richmond, MO, 1892–1893; Davis City, 1895–1896; Denver, 1898; Independence, MO, 1899–1900.

  57. 57

    JS, Journal, 9 Sept. 1838.

  58. 58

    Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [61], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”

  59. 59

    Pratt, History of the Late Persecution, 33; Charles C. Rich, Statement, ca. Feb. 1845, Historian’s Office, JS History Documents, 1839–1860, CHL.

    Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Documents, 1839–1860. CHL. CR 100 396.

  60. 60

    Isaac Leany, Statement, Quincy, IL, 20 Apr. 1839, photocopy, Material Relating to Mormon Expulsion from Missouri, 1839–1843, CHL.

    Material Relating to Mormon Expulsion from Missouri, 1839–1843. Photocopy. CHL. MS 2145.

  61. 61

    Nathaniel Carr, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [49], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes (Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838), in State of Missouri, “Evidence.”

  62. 62

    George A. Smith, Autobiography, 110.

    Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.

  63. 63

    Ebenezer Robinson, “Items of Personal History of the Editor,” Return, Dec. 1889, 188.

    The Return. Davis City, IA, 1889–1891; Richmond, MO, 1892–1893; Davis City, 1895–1896; Denver, 1898; Independence, MO, 1899–1900.

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