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Authorization for George J. Adams, circa 10 November 1843

Source Note

JS and
Hyrum Smith

9 Feb. 1800–27 June 1844. Farmer, cooper. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Randolph, Orange Co., 1802; back to Tunbridge, before May 1803; to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, 1804; to Sharon, Windsor Co...

View Full Bio
, Authorization,
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, Hancock Co., IL, for
George J. Adams

7 Nov. 1810–11 May 1880. Tailor, actor, clergyman. Born in Oxford, Sussex Co., New Jersey. Lived in Boston during 1820s and 1830s. Became Methodist lay preacher. Married Caroline. Moved to New York City, before 1840. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of...

View Full Bio
, ca. 10 Nov. 1843. Featured version published in Times and Seasons, 1 Oct. 1843, vol. 4, no. 22, 347. For more complete source information, see the source note for Letter to Isaac Galland, 22 Mar. 1839.

Historical Introduction

Around 10 November 1843, JS and
Hyrum Smith

9 Feb. 1800–27 June 1844. Farmer, cooper. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Randolph, Orange Co., 1802; back to Tunbridge, before May 1803; to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, 1804; to Sharon, Windsor Co...

View Full Bio
published a notice in the Times and Seasons requesting financial support for
George J. Adams

7 Nov. 1810–11 May 1880. Tailor, actor, clergyman. Born in Oxford, Sussex Co., New Jersey. Lived in Boston during 1820s and 1830s. Became Methodist lay preacher. Married Caroline. Moved to New York City, before 1840. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of...

View Full Bio
’s assigned mission to Russia. This was the fourth notice related to Adams to appear in the Times and Seasons during the previous six months and the third authorizing Adams to collect money on behalf of the
church

The Book of Mormon related that when Christ set up his church in the Americas, “they which were baptized in the name of Jesus, were called the church of Christ.” The first name used to denote the church JS organized on 6 April 1830 was “the Church of Christ...

View Glossary
.
1

See Authorization for George J. Adams, ca. 1 June 1843; William Marks, “To Whom It May Concern,” 2 Sept. 1843, Times and Seasons, 15 Aug. 1843, 4:303; and Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

The first of these notices, published in the 1 June 1843 issue of the Times and Seasons, announced that the
First Presidency

The highest presiding body of the church. An 11 November 1831 revelation stated that the president of the high priesthood was to preside over the church. JS was ordained as president of the high priesthood on 25 January 1832. In March 1832, JS appointed two...

View Glossary
had called Adams to accompany
apostle

Members of a governing body in the church, with special administrative and proselytizing responsibilities. A June 1829 revelation commanded Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer to call twelve disciples, similar to the twelve apostles in the New Testament and ...

View Glossary
Orson Hyde

8 Jan. 1805–28 Nov. 1878. Laborer, clerk, storekeeper, teacher, editor, businessman, lawyer, judge. Born at Oxford, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Nathan Hyde and Sally Thorpe. Moved to Derby, New Haven Co., 1812. Moved to Kirtland, Geauga Co., Ohio, ...

View Full Bio
on a mission to
St. Petersburg

Metropolis in Russia situated on Neva River near Gulf of Finland about 350 miles northwest of Moscow. City stands partly on mainland and partly on group of river islands. Founded by Peter the Great, 1703. Seat of Russian empire transferred from Moscow to ...

More Info
, Russia, “to be one of the messengers to introduce the fulness of the glorious gospel of the Son of God, to the people of that vast empire.” The authorization called for the Saints to support his mission financially.
2

Authorization for George J. Adams, ca. 1 June 1843.


Despite the notice, little progress was apparently made preparing for the mission.
3

In August, Hyde left Nauvoo to join the rest of the twelve apostles in the eastern states on a fund-raising mission for the Nauvoo, Illinois, temple and Nauvoo House, while Adams remained near Nauvoo to answer charges of adultery before the Nauvoo high council. (JS, Journal, 13 and 17 Aug. 1843; Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, 1 Sept. 1843; see also Historical Introduction to Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, ca. 1839–ca. 1843. Fair copy. In Oliver Cowdery, Diary, Jan.–Mar. 1836. CHL.

Sometime in fall or winter 1843, Adams left
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, Illinois, for the eastern states and, likely in preparation for his departure, JS and Hyrum Smith published two notices in the Times and Seasons. The first gave Adams authority to collect funds for the Nauvoo
temple

Located in portion of Nauvoo known as the bluff. JS revelation dated Jan. 1841 commanded Saints to build temple and hotel (Nauvoo House). Cornerstone laid, 6 Apr. 1841. Saints volunteered labor, money, and other resources for temple construction. Construction...

More Info
, while the second, featured here, echoed the June authorization in encouraging the Saints to provide financial support for Adams’s mission to Russia.
4

Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843.


Adams

7 Nov. 1810–11 May 1880. Tailor, actor, clergyman. Born in Oxford, Sussex Co., New Jersey. Lived in Boston during 1820s and 1830s. Became Methodist lay preacher. Married Caroline. Moved to New York City, before 1840. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of...

View Full Bio
’s second authorization to collect funds for the Russian mission was published without a date. Although it was published in the 1 October 1843 issue of the Times and Seasons, that publication was over a month behind schedule in fall and winter 1843. Unlike the preceding and successive issues, the 1 October issue contains no dated material that indicates when it was published.
5

For example, Adams’s 14 October 1843 authorization to collect funds for the Nauvoo temple was published in the 15 September 1843 issue of the Times and Seasons. Similarly, the 15 October 1843 issue included a letter to the editor dated 2 December 1843. (Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843; Letter to the Editor, Times and Seasons, 15 Oct. 1843, 4:354.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

An undated notice in the paper stated that prominent church missionary
Erastus Snow

9 Nov. 1818–27 May 1888. Farmer, teacher, merchant, publisher, manufacturer. Born at St. Johnsbury, Caledonia Co., Vermont. Son of Levi Snow and Lucina Streeter. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by William Snow, 3 Feb. 1833, at Charleston...

View Full Bio
returned to
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
“on Monday last.”
6

Notice, Times and Seasons, 1 Oct. 1843, 4:343.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

According to his journal, Snow arrived in the city on Sunday, 5 November.
7

Snow, Journal, 1841–1847, 45.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Snow, Erastus. Journals, 1835–1851; 1856–1857. CHL. MS 1329, box 1, fds. 1–3.

Despite the slight discrepancy over Snow’s return date, this suggests that the 1 October issue was published sometime between 7 and 13 November. Though 1 October 1843 was a Sunday, the masthead lists the day of publication as a Friday, suggesting the possibility that Adams’s authorization was published on 10 November and written a few days earlier.
8

Masthead, Times and Seasons, 1 Oct. 1843, 4:343.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

Presumably sometime after this authorization was published,
Adams

7 Nov. 1810–11 May 1880. Tailor, actor, clergyman. Born in Oxford, Sussex Co., New Jersey. Lived in Boston during 1820s and 1830s. Became Methodist lay preacher. Married Caroline. Moved to New York City, before 1840. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of...

View Full Bio
left for the eastern states, where he began preaching by early January 1844.
9

Adams, Lecture on the Doctrine of Baptism for the Dead, title page.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Adams, George J. A Lecture on the Doctrine of Baptism for the Dead; and Preaching to Spirits in Prison. Reported by David Rogers. New York: David Rogers, 1844.

During this and subsequent missions in 1844, Adams used this authorization to collect donations and take subscriptions for additional donations under the pretense of funding the proposed mission to Russia.
10

John Hardy, the presiding elder of the Boston branch of the church at the time, later referred to Adams’s fund-raising efforts as “his Russia Mission Humbug” and claimed that “the churches in the state were humbugged out of their thousands of dollars” by Adams’s “false pretences.” Hardy’s claims came to light after he was excommunicated by William Smith and Adams in October 1844 for exposing Smith’s and Adams’s unauthorized plural marriages. (Hardy, History of the Trials of Elder John Hardy, 2, 6–7, 11.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Hardy, John. History of the Trials of Elder John Hardy, before the Church of Latter Day Saints in Boston, for Slander, in Saying That G. J. Adams, S. Brannan and Wm. Smith, Were Licentious Characters. Boston: Conway and Co., 1844.

He later wrote to
Brigham Young

1 June 1801–29 Aug. 1877. Carpenter, painter, glazier, colonizer. Born at Whitingham, Windham Co., Vermont. Son of John Young and Abigail (Nabby) Howe. Brought up in Methodist household; later joined Methodist church. Moved to Sherburne, Chenango Co., New...

View Full Bio
requesting that Young place a new notice in the Times and Seasons authorizing Adams to collect the subscribed funds for the mission in order to pay a personal debt of $300, and in March 1845, Young charged Adams with mismanagement of church funds.
11

George J. Adams, New Bedford, MA, to Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball, Nauvoo, IL, Aug. 1844, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL; Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, 15 Mar. 1845, CHL; Clayton, Journal, 15 Mar. 1845.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Brigham Young Office Files, 1832–1878. CHL. CR 1234 1.

Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, ca. 1839–ca. 1843. Fair copy. In Oliver Cowdery, Diary, Jan.–Mar. 1836. CHL.

Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

Adams claimed that he had “books & papers” containing the “day & dates for every thing advanced for the Russian Mission.” When Adams failed to produce this evidence or provide restitution for the missing money, he was excommunicated.
12

Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, 15 Mar. 1845, CHL; Historian’s Office, Journal, 10 Apr. 1845; George A. Smith, Journal, 10 Apr. 1845.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, ca. 1839–ca. 1843. Fair copy. In Oliver Cowdery, Diary, Jan.–Mar. 1836. CHL.

Historian’s Office. Journal, 1844–1997. CHL. CR 100 1.

Smith, George A. Journal, 22 Feb. 1841–10 Mar. 1845. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 2, fd. 4.

The planned mission to Russia was never carried out.

Footnotes

  1. [1]

    See Authorization for George J. Adams, ca. 1 June 1843; William Marks, “To Whom It May Concern,” 2 Sept. 1843, Times and Seasons, 15 Aug. 1843, 4:303; and Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843.

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

  2. [2]

    Authorization for George J. Adams, ca. 1 June 1843.

  3. [3]

    In August, Hyde left Nauvoo to join the rest of the twelve apostles in the eastern states on a fund-raising mission for the Nauvoo, Illinois, temple and Nauvoo House, while Adams remained near Nauvoo to answer charges of adultery before the Nauvoo high council. (JS, Journal, 13 and 17 Aug. 1843; Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, 1 Sept. 1843; see also Historical Introduction to Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843.)

    Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, ca. 1839–ca. 1843. Fair copy. In Oliver Cowdery, Diary, Jan.–Mar. 1836. CHL.

  4. [4]

    Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843.

  5. [5]

    For example, Adams’s 14 October 1843 authorization to collect funds for the Nauvoo temple was published in the 15 September 1843 issue of the Times and Seasons. Similarly, the 15 October 1843 issue included a letter to the editor dated 2 December 1843. (Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843; Letter to the Editor, Times and Seasons, 15 Oct. 1843, 4:354.)

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

  6. [6]

    Notice, Times and Seasons, 1 Oct. 1843, 4:343.

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

  7. [7]

    Snow, Journal, 1841–1847, 45.

    Snow, Erastus. Journals, 1835–1851; 1856–1857. CHL. MS 1329, box 1, fds. 1–3.

  8. [8]

    Masthead, Times and Seasons, 1 Oct. 1843, 4:343.

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

  9. [9]

    Adams, Lecture on the Doctrine of Baptism for the Dead, title page.

    Adams, George J. A Lecture on the Doctrine of Baptism for the Dead; and Preaching to Spirits in Prison. Reported by David Rogers. New York: David Rogers, 1844.

  10. [10]

    John Hardy, the presiding elder of the Boston branch of the church at the time, later referred to Adams’s fund-raising efforts as “his Russia Mission Humbug” and claimed that “the churches in the state were humbugged out of their thousands of dollars” by Adams’s “false pretences.” Hardy’s claims came to light after he was excommunicated by William Smith and Adams in October 1844 for exposing Smith’s and Adams’s unauthorized plural marriages. (Hardy, History of the Trials of Elder John Hardy, 2, 6–7, 11.)

    Hardy, John. History of the Trials of Elder John Hardy, before the Church of Latter Day Saints in Boston, for Slander, in Saying That G. J. Adams, S. Brannan and Wm. Smith, Were Licentious Characters. Boston: Conway and Co., 1844.

  11. [11]

    George J. Adams, New Bedford, MA, to Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball, Nauvoo, IL, Aug. 1844, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL; Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, 15 Mar. 1845, CHL; Clayton, Journal, 15 Mar. 1845.

    Brigham Young Office Files, 1832–1878. CHL. CR 1234 1.

    Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, ca. 1839–ca. 1843. Fair copy. In Oliver Cowdery, Diary, Jan.–Mar. 1836. CHL.

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

  12. [12]

    Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, 15 Mar. 1845, CHL; Historian’s Office, Journal, 10 Apr. 1845; George A. Smith, Journal, 10 Apr. 1845.

    Nauvoo Stake High Council Minutes, ca. 1839–ca. 1843. Fair copy. In Oliver Cowdery, Diary, Jan.–Mar. 1836. CHL.

    Historian’s Office. Journal, 1844–1997. CHL. CR 100 1.

    Smith, George A. Journal, 22 Feb. 1841–10 Mar. 1845. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 2, fd. 4.

Page 347

To all the saints and honorable men of the earth, to whom the Lord has given liberally of this worlds’ goods:
1

See 1 John 3:17.


. . . . . GREETING.
2

The June 1843 authorizations for the twelve apostles to collect temple donations included the same lengthy salutation, minus the scriptural allusion. (See, for example, Authorization for Brigham Young, 1 June 1843.)


Our worthy brother,
3

Adams had engaged in an extramarital affair that resulted in an illegitimate child, and rumors about his misconduct circulated among Saints and others at the time. JS and other church leaders published multiple notices certifying to Adams’s good standing in the church. (Historical Introduction to Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843.)


Elder

A male leader in the church generally; an ecclesiastical and priesthood office or one holding that office; a proselytizing missionary. The Book of Mormon explained that elders ordained priests and teachers and administered “the flesh and blood of Christ unto...

View Glossary
George J. Adams

7 Nov. 1810–11 May 1880. Tailor, actor, clergyman. Born in Oxford, Sussex Co., New Jersey. Lived in Boston during 1820s and 1830s. Became Methodist lay preacher. Married Caroline. Moved to New York City, before 1840. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of...

View Full Bio
, has been appointed by the
First Presidency

The highest presiding body of the church. An 11 November 1831 revelation stated that the president of the high priesthood was to preside over the church. JS was ordained as president of the high priesthood on 25 January 1832. In March 1832, JS appointed two...

View Glossary
of the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

The Book of Mormon related that when Christ set up his church in the Americas, “they which were baptized in the name of Jesus, were called the church of Christ.” The first name used to denote the church JS organized on 6 April 1830 was “the Church of Christ...

View Glossary
at
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, to present to them the importance, as well as the things connected with his mission to Russia, to introduce the fulness of the gospel to the people of that vast empire, and also to which is attached some of the most important things concerning the advancement and building up of the kingdom of God, in the last days; which cannot be explained at this time;
4

This may have been referring to a naval weapon developed by Uriah Brown during the War of 1812. Brown’s weapon—which he described as a type of “Greek fire” that could propel flaming liquid at enemy ships—elicited occasional interest from the United States government. Although Brown was not a member of the church, he was friends with JS. In January 1843, JS visited Brown’s home in Rushville, Illinois. After reviewing plans for the weapon, JS informed Brown that he “thought that the Lord had designd the apparatus for some more magnificnt purpose than for the defence of nations.” Joseph H. Jackson, an enemy of JS, later claimed that JS persuaded Brown to attempt to sell the weapon to Russia while secretly planning to use the weapon as a bartering tool to negotiate an alliance with the Russian emperor. Although the reliability of Jackson’s accusation is difficult to assess, Utah-era Council of Fifty minutes confirm that JS connected Brown’s weapon with the Russian mission. In 1851, the Council of Fifty discussed Brown’s offer to sell the weapon to Brigham Young to be used to defend Latter-day Saint settlements in the Great Basin. During that discussion, Almon Babbitt connected the weapon with “the Russian mission.” Babbitt also recalled JS’s “favorable reception [of] the invention” and stated that he was “in favor of carrying out the views of Joseph and thinks it a matter worthy of our notice,” though no one at the 1851 meeting specified JS’s views on the weapon’s use. (“On the Expediency of Testing Uriah Brown’s System of Coast and Harbor Defence, by Fire Ships,” American State Papers: Naval Affairs, 3:201; “System of Defence, by Land or Water, by the Use of Inflammable Fluid,” American State Papers: Naval Affairs, 1:353; A Bill Authorising the President of the United States to Cause Experiments to Be Made, to Test the Utility and Practicability of a Fire-Ship, the Invention of Uriah Brown, H.R. 296, 20th Cong. [1828]; JS, Journal, 8 Jan. 1843; Jackson, Narrative, 30–31; Minutes, 25 Aug. 1851, Council of Fifty, Papers, 1845–1883, CHL.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States. Edited by Walter Lowrie, Walter S. Franklin, Asbury Dickins, and John W. Forney. American State Papers: Naval Affairs. 4 vols. Washington DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834, 1860–1861.

A Bill Authorising the President of the United States to Cause Experiments to Be Made, to Test the Utility and Practicability of a Fire-Ship, the Invention of Uriah Brown. H.R. 296, 20th Cong. (1828).

Jackson, Joseph H. A Narrative of the Adventures and Experience of Joseph H. Jackson, in Nauvoo. Disclosing the Depths of Mormon Villainy. Warsaw, IL: By the author, 1844.

Council of Fifty. Papers, 1844–1885. CHL.

but as the mission is attended with much expense, all those who feel disposed to bestow, according as God has blessed them, shall receive the blessings of Israel’s God; and ten fold shall be added unto them as well as the prayers of the saints of God.
With sentiments of high esteem, we subscribe ourselves your friends and brethren in the
new and everlasting convenant

Generally referred to the “fulness of the gospel”—the sum total of the church’s message, geared toward establishing God’s covenant people on the earth; also used to describe individual elements of the gospel, including marriage. According to JS, the everlasting...

View Glossary
.
JOSFPH SMITH,
HYRUM SMITH

9 Feb. 1800–27 June 1844. Farmer, cooper. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Randolph, Orange Co., 1802; back to Tunbridge, before May 1803; to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, 1804; to Sharon, Windsor Co...

View Full Bio
,
Presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. [p. 347]
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Source Note

Document Transcript

Page 347

Document Information

Related Case Documents
Editorial Title
Authorization for George J. Adams, circa 10 November 1843
ID #
1170
Total Pages
1
Print Volume Location
JSP, D13:255–258
Handwriting on This Page
  • Printed text

Footnotes

  1. [1]

    See 1 John 3:17.

  2. [2]

    The June 1843 authorizations for the twelve apostles to collect temple donations included the same lengthy salutation, minus the scriptural allusion. (See, for example, Authorization for Brigham Young, 1 June 1843.)

  3. [3]

    Adams had engaged in an extramarital affair that resulted in an illegitimate child, and rumors about his misconduct circulated among Saints and others at the time. JS and other church leaders published multiple notices certifying to Adams’s good standing in the church. (Historical Introduction to Authorization for George J. Adams, 14 Oct. 1843.)

  4. [4]

    This may have been referring to a naval weapon developed by Uriah Brown during the War of 1812. Brown’s weapon—which he described as a type of “Greek fire” that could propel flaming liquid at enemy ships—elicited occasional interest from the United States government. Although Brown was not a member of the church, he was friends with JS. In January 1843, JS visited Brown’s home in Rushville, Illinois. After reviewing plans for the weapon, JS informed Brown that he “thought that the Lord had designd the apparatus for some more magnificnt purpose than for the defence of nations.” Joseph H. Jackson, an enemy of JS, later claimed that JS persuaded Brown to attempt to sell the weapon to Russia while secretly planning to use the weapon as a bartering tool to negotiate an alliance with the Russian emperor. Although the reliability of Jackson’s accusation is difficult to assess, Utah-era Council of Fifty minutes confirm that JS connected Brown’s weapon with the Russian mission. In 1851, the Council of Fifty discussed Brown’s offer to sell the weapon to Brigham Young to be used to defend Latter-day Saint settlements in the Great Basin. During that discussion, Almon Babbitt connected the weapon with “the Russian mission.” Babbitt also recalled JS’s “favorable reception [of] the invention” and stated that he was “in favor of carrying out the views of Joseph and thinks it a matter worthy of our notice,” though no one at the 1851 meeting specified JS’s views on the weapon’s use. (“On the Expediency of Testing Uriah Brown’s System of Coast and Harbor Defence, by Fire Ships,” American State Papers: Naval Affairs, 3:201; “System of Defence, by Land or Water, by the Use of Inflammable Fluid,” American State Papers: Naval Affairs, 1:353; A Bill Authorising the President of the United States to Cause Experiments to Be Made, to Test the Utility and Practicability of a Fire-Ship, the Invention of Uriah Brown, H.R. 296, 20th Cong. [1828]; JS, Journal, 8 Jan. 1843; Jackson, Narrative, 30–31; Minutes, 25 Aug. 1851, Council of Fifty, Papers, 1845–1883, CHL.)

    American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States. Edited by Walter Lowrie, Walter S. Franklin, Asbury Dickins, and John W. Forney. American State Papers: Naval Affairs. 4 vols. Washington DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834, 1860–1861.

    A Bill Authorising the President of the United States to Cause Experiments to Be Made, to Test the Utility and Practicability of a Fire-Ship, the Invention of Uriah Brown. H.R. 296, 20th Cong. (1828).

    Jackson, Joseph H. A Narrative of the Adventures and Experience of Joseph H. Jackson, in Nauvoo. Disclosing the Depths of Mormon Villainy. Warsaw, IL: By the author, 1844.

    Council of Fifty. Papers, 1844–1885. CHL.

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