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Introduction to Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes Transcript of Proceedings, Treason, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes] Transcript of Proceedings, Burglary, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes] Transcript of Proceedings, Murder, 18 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes] Requisition, 1 September 1840 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes] Warrant, 8 June 1841 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]

Introduction to Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes

Page

Extradition of JS, Wight, Brown, Pratt, Rigdon, and Baldwin for Treason and Other Crimes
Warren Co., Illinois, Circuit Court, 10 June 1841
 
Historical Introduction
In April 1839, grand juries in
Daviess

Area in northwest Missouri settled by European Americans, 1830. Sparsely inhabited until 1838. Created from Ray Co., Dec. 1836, in attempt to resolve conflicts related to Latter-day Saint settlement in that region. County is transected diagonally from northwest...

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and
Ray

Located in northwestern Missouri. Area settled, 1815. Created from Howard Co., 1820. Initially included all state land north of Missouri River and west of Grand River. Population in 1830 about 2,700; in 1836 about 6,600; and in 1840 about 6,600. Latter-day...

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counties, Missouri, indicted JS and dozens of other Latter-day Saint men for treason and other crimes allegedly committed during the 1838 conflict between church members and their antagonists in
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

More Info
.
1

See Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Treason, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Burglary, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, 24 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Murder, 18 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; and Robert Wilson, Gallatin, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 18 Mar. 1841, in Document Containing the Correspondence, 156–159. For more information on the 1838 conflict and JS’s winter 1838–1839 incarceration, see Introduction to State of Missouri v. Gates et al. for Treason.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Document Containing the Correspondence, Orders, &c., in Relation to the Disturbances with the Mormons; and the Evidence Given before the Hon. Austin A. King, Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, at the Court-House in Richmond, in a Criminal Court of Inquiry, Begun November 12, 1838, on the Trial of Joseph Smith, Jr., and Others, for High Treason and Other Crimes against the State. Fayette, MO: Boon’s Lick Democrat, 1841.

Most of the men named in the indictments had likely already left the state in forced compliance with Missouri governor
Lilburn W. Boggs

14 Dec. 1796–14 Mar. 1860. Bookkeeper, bank cashier, merchant, Indian agent and trader, lawyer, doctor, postmaster, politician. Born at Lexington, Fayette Co., Kentucky. Son of John M. Boggs and Martha Oliver. Served in War of 1812. Moved to St. Louis, ca...

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’s October 1838 expulsion order, while JS and about ten other Latter-day Saint prisoners escaped state custody in spring and early summer 1839 and relocated to
Illinois

Became part of Northwest Territory of U.S., 1787. Admitted as state, 1818. Population in 1840 about 480,000. Population in 1845 about 660,000. Plentiful, inexpensive land attracted settlers from northern and southern states. Following expulsion from Missouri...

More Info
.
2

See Introduction to Part 3: 4 Nov. 1838–16 Apr. 1839, in JSP, D6:274–278; and “History of Parley P. Pratt,” Millennial Star, 24 Dec. 1864, 26:824.


Comprehensive Works Cited

JSP, D6 / Ashurst-McGee, Mark, David W. Grua, Elizabeth Kuehn, Alexander L. Baugh, and Brenden W. Rensink, eds. Documents, Volume 6: February 1838–August 1839. Vol. 6 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey. Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017.

Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star. Manchester, England, 1840–1842; Liverpool, 1842–1932; London, 1932–1970.

Following the escapes, Boggs obtained certified copies of the indictments and related case documents, but for unknown reasons the governor did not immediately initiate proceedings to have the men extradited from Illinois to Missouri for trial.
3

See Austin A. King, Richmond, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 7 June 1839, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA; Thomas C. Burch, Keytesville, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 24 June 1839, Mormon Collection, Missouri History Museum, St. Louis; James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, to Roger N. Todd, Columbia, MO, 9 July 1839, photocopy, Daviess County Legal Documents, BYU; Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Treason, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Burglary, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, 24 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Murder, 18 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes].


Comprehensive Works Cited

Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

Burch, Thomas C. Letter, Keytesville, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 24 June 1839. Mormons Collection. Missouri History Museum Archives, St. Louis.

Daviess County Legal Documents. Photocopies. BYU.

An 1840 incident between residents of
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

More Info
and
Illinois

Became part of Northwest Territory of U.S., 1787. Admitted as state, 1818. Population in 1840 about 480,000. Population in 1845 about 660,000. Plentiful, inexpensive land attracted settlers from northern and southern states. Following expulsion from Missouri...

More Info
evidently prompted
Boggs

14 Dec. 1796–14 Mar. 1860. Bookkeeper, bank cashier, merchant, Indian agent and trader, lawyer, doctor, postmaster, politician. Born at Lexington, Fayette Co., Kentucky. Son of John M. Boggs and Martha Oliver. Served in War of 1812. Moved to St. Louis, ca...

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to seek JS’s extradition. On 7 July 1840, a group of vigilantes from Tully, Missouri—a
Mississippi River

Principal U.S. river running southward from Itasca Lake, Minnesota, to Gulf of Mexico. Covered 3,160-mile course, 1839 (now about 2,350 miles). Drains about 1,100,000 square miles. Steamboat travel on Mississippi very important in 1830s and 1840s for shipping...

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town approximately thirty miles southwest of
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

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, Illinois—abducted four Latter-day Saint men. The vigilantes carried their captives into Missouri, where they were beaten in an effort to coerce them into confessing that they had stolen about $2,000 in property from Tully. Following the kidnapping, two of the captives,
Alanson Brown

1795–1844. Farmer. Married Cynthia Dorcus Hurd, ca. 1816. Moved to Steuben Co., New York, by 1823. Moved to Choconut, Susquehanna Co., Pennsylvania, by Feb. 1828. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, by June 1838. Moved to Missouri, ...

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and
James Allred

22 Jan. 1784–10 Jan. 1876. Farmer. Born in Randolph Co., North Carolina. Son of William Allred and Elizabeth Thrasher. Married Elizabeth Warren. Moved to Missouri, before Sept. 1832. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by George M. Hinkle...

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, escaped or were otherwise permitted to return to Nauvoo, where they swore affidavits recounting their experience. Church members in Nauvoo petitioned Illinois governor
Thomas Carlin

18 July 1789–14 Feb. 1852. Ferry owner, farmer, sheriff, politician. Born in Fayette Co., Kentucky. Son of Thomas Carlin and Elizabeth Evans. Baptist. Moved to what became Missouri, by 1803. Moved to Illinois Territory, by 1812. Served in War of 1812. Married...

View Full Bio
to demand that Missouri officials apprehend and extradite the kidnappers to stand trial in Illinois. Carlin agreed to do so, sending an agent to meet with Governor Boggs in August 1840.
4

H. M. Woodyard et al., Tully, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 24 July 1840, photocopy, Missouri Historical Society, Selected Papers Pertaining to Mormonism, CHL; Alanson Brown, Affidavit, Hancock, Co., IL, 13 July 1840, in Times and Seasons, July 1840, 1:141; James Allred, Affidavit, Hancock, Co., IL, 16 July 1843, in Times and Seasons, July 1840, 1:141–142; Minutes, Hancock, Co., IL, 13 July 1840, in Times and Seasons, July 1840, 1:142–143; “The Mormons,” Quincy (IL) Whig, 12 Sept. 1840, [2]; “A Looker On,” Quincy, IL, Letter to the Editor, 7 Sept. 1840, Western World (Warsaw, IL), 16 Sept. 1840, [2]–[3].


Comprehensive Works Cited

Missouri Historical Society. Selected Papers Pertaining to Mormonism, 1831–1859. Microfilm. CHL. MS 8217.

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

Quincy Whig. Quincy, IL. 1838–1856.

Western World. Warsaw, IL. 1840–1841.

Boggs

14 Dec. 1796–14 Mar. 1860. Bookkeeper, bank cashier, merchant, Indian agent and trader, lawyer, doctor, postmaster, politician. Born at Lexington, Fayette Co., Kentucky. Son of John M. Boggs and Martha Oliver. Served in War of 1812. Moved to St. Louis, ca...

View Full Bio
evidently agreed to honor
Carlin

18 July 1789–14 Feb. 1852. Ferry owner, farmer, sheriff, politician. Born in Fayette Co., Kentucky. Son of Thomas Carlin and Elizabeth Evans. Baptist. Moved to what became Missouri, by 1803. Moved to Illinois Territory, by 1812. Served in War of 1812. Married...

View Full Bio
’s requisition on the condition that the
Illinois

Became part of Northwest Territory of U.S., 1787. Admitted as state, 1818. Population in 1840 about 480,000. Population in 1845 about 660,000. Plentiful, inexpensive land attracted settlers from northern and southern states. Following expulsion from Missouri...

More Info
governor would in turn apprehend and extradite JS,
Lyman Wight

9 May 1796–31 Mar. 1858. Farmer. Born at Fairfield, Herkimer Co., New York. Son of Levi Wight Jr. and Sarah Corbin. Served in War of 1812. Married Harriet Benton, 5 Jan. 1823, at Henrietta, Monroe Co., New York. Moved to Warrensville, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, ...

View Full Bio
,
Alanson Brown

1795–1844. Farmer. Married Cynthia Dorcus Hurd, ca. 1816. Moved to Steuben Co., New York, by 1823. Moved to Choconut, Susquehanna Co., Pennsylvania, by Feb. 1828. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, by June 1838. Moved to Missouri, ...

View Full Bio
,
Parley P. Pratt

12 Apr. 1807–13 May 1857. Farmer, editor, publisher, teacher, school administrator, legislator, explorer, author. Born at Burlington, Otsego Co., New York. Son of Jared Pratt and Charity Dickinson. Traveled west with brother William to acquire land, 1823....

View Full Bio
,
Sidney Rigdon

19 Feb. 1793–14 July 1876. Tanner, farmer, minister. Born at St. Clair, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania. Son of William Rigdon and Nancy Gallaher. Joined United Baptists, ca. 1818. Preached at Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, and vicinity, 1819–1821. Married Phebe...

View Full Bio
, and
Caleb Baldwin

2 Sept. 1791–11 June 1849. Born in Nobletown (later Hillsdale), Orange Co., New York. Son of Philemon Baldwin and Esther. Served in War of 1812 in Ohio militia. Married Nancy Kingsbury, 7 Dec. 1814, in Cuyahoga Co., Ohio. Moved to Warrensville (later in University...

View Full Bio
to answer charges from the 1838 conflict.
5

JS, Wight, and Baldwin were named in an April 1839 indictment for treason presented by a grand jury in Daviess County, Missouri. Brown was named in a Daviess County burglary indictment. Pratt was named in an indictment for murder in Ray County, Missouri, while Rigdon was identified as an accessory to murder. Although Brown was named in the burglary indictment, he was not as well-known as the others. He was, however, one of the escaped Tully kidnapping victims, which presumably explains why he was included in the requisition. JS, Wight, Pratt, and Rigdon were prominent church leaders, while Baldwin was likely known to Missouri authorities as he had been imprisoned with JS in 1838–1839. (Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Treason, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Burglary, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, 24 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Murder, 18 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Requisition, 1 Sept. 1840 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; “The Mormons,” Quincy (IL) Whig, 12 Sept. 1840, [2]; “The Mormon Affair,” Missouri Whig and General Advertiser (Palmyra, MO), 26 Sept. 1840, [2]; Introduction to Part 3: 4 Nov.–16 Apr. 1839, in JSP, D6:274.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Quincy Whig. Quincy, IL. 1838–1856.

Missouri Whig, and General Advertiser. Palmyra, MO. 1839–1841.

JSP, D6 / Ashurst-McGee, Mark, David W. Grua, Elizabeth Kuehn, Alexander L. Baugh, and Brenden W. Rensink, eds. Documents, Volume 6: February 1838–August 1839. Vol. 6 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey. Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017.

In compliance with federal law,
6

The U.S. Constitution states that “a Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.” In 1793, Congress passed a statute that enacted this provision and specified that the requisition—the document requesting the extradition—should be accompanied by either an affidavit or an indictment specifying the charge. (U.S. Constitution, art. 4, sec. 2; An Act Respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons Escaping from the Service of Their Masters [12 Feb. 1793], Public Statutes at Large, 2nd Cong., 2nd Sess., chap. 7, p. 302.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

Boggs attached certified copies of the 1839 indictments for treason, burglary, and murder. The governor was apparently unaware that these indictments had been dismissed by the circuit courts, as it had become evident that the defendants were not going to appear for trial.
7

Requisition, 1 Sept. 1840 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]. The Daviess County Circuit Court dismissed the burglary indictment in December 1839. Similarly, the Boone County Circuit Court, which held jurisdiction over the treason and murder cases due to changes of venue, dismissed those indictments on 5 August 1840. (See Docket Entry, Nolle Prosequi, State of Missouri v. Voorhease et al. [Daviess Co. Cir. Ct. 1839], Daviess County Circuit Court Record, vol. A, 1837–1843, p. 150, microfilm 959,085, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL; Roger N. Todd, Clerk Certificate, 6 Mar. 1841, in Document Containing the Correspondence, 153–156; Docket Entry, Nolle Prosequi, 5 Aug. 1840 [State of Missouri v. Gates et al. for Treason]; and Docket Entry, Nolle Prosequi, State of Missouri v. Pratt et al. [Boone Co. Cir. Ct. 1840], Boone County Circuit Court Record, vol. C, p. 316, microfilm 981,755, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

Document Containing the Correspondence, Orders, &c., in Relation to the Disturbances with the Mormons; and the Evidence Given before the Hon. Austin A. King, Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, at the Court-House in Richmond, in a Criminal Court of Inquiry, Begun November 12, 1838, on the Trial of Joseph Smith, Jr., and Others, for High Treason and Other Crimes against the State. Fayette, MO: Boon’s Lick Democrat, 1841.

Boggs’s agents met with Carlin in
Quincy

Located on high limestone bluffs east of Mississippi River, about forty-five miles south of Nauvoo. Settled 1821. Adams Co. seat, 1825. Incorporated as town, 1834. Received city charter, 1840. Population in 1835 about 800; in 1840 about 2,300; and in 1845...

More Info
, Illinois, on 6 September 1840. The Illinois governor accepted the requisition and issued an arrest warrant for JS and the other named Latter-day Saints, in accordance with state law.
8

See “A Looker On,” Quincy, IL, Letter to the Editor, 7 Sept. 1840, Western World (Warsaw, IL), 16 Sept. 1840, [2]; and An Act Concerning Fugitives from Justice [6 Jan. 1827], Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois, p. 318, sec. 1.


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois: Containing All the Laws . . . Passed by the Ninth General Assembly, at Their First Session, Commencing December 1, 1834, and Ending February 13, 1835; and at Their Second Session, Commencing December 7, 1835, and Ending January 18, 1836; and Those Passed by the Tenth General Assembly, at Their Session Commencing December 5, 1836, and Ending March 6, 1837; and at Their Special Session, Commencing July 10, and Ending July 22, 1837. . . . Compiled by Jonathan Young Scammon. Chicago: Stephen F. Gale, 1839.

Subsequently, Sheriff
William D. Abernethy

8 Apr. 1801–3 July 1850. Postmaster, storekeeper, sheriff, farmer. Born in Harwinton, Litchfield Co., Connecticut. Son of William Conant Abernethy and Azubah Dexter. Moved with family to Jacksonville, Morgan Co., Illinois. Cofounded Augusta, Hancock Co., ...

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of
Hancock County

Formed from Pike Co., 1825. Described in 1837 as predominantly prairie and “deficient in timber.” Early settlers came mainly from mid-Atlantic and southern states. Population in 1835 about 3,200; in 1840 about 9,900; and in 1844 at least 15,000. Carthage ...

More Info
, Illinois, attempted to serve the warrant in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, but JS and the others had evidently been warned and the sheriff could not locate them. He returned the warrant unserved.
9

See “A Looker On,” Quincy, IL, Letter to the Editor, 7 Sept. 1840, Western World (Warsaw, IL), 16 Sept. 1840, [2]; Editorial, Times and Seasons, Sept. 1840, 1:170; and “The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:448.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Western World. Warsaw, IL. 1840–1841.

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

In early June 1841, while visiting
Quincy

Located on high limestone bluffs east of Mississippi River, about forty-five miles south of Nauvoo. Settled 1821. Adams Co. seat, 1825. Incorporated as town, 1834. Received city charter, 1840. Population in 1835 about 800; in 1840 about 2,300; and in 1845...

More Info
, Illinois, on church business, JS visited
Carlin

18 July 1789–14 Feb. 1852. Ferry owner, farmer, sheriff, politician. Born in Fayette Co., Kentucky. Son of Thomas Carlin and Elizabeth Evans. Baptist. Moved to what became Missouri, by 1803. Moved to Illinois Territory, by 1812. Served in War of 1812. Married...

View Full Bio
at the governor’s residence. The governor made no mention during the meeting of the requisition or the unserved warrant and JS departed. On 5 June, Deputy Sheriff
Thomas King

25 July 1806–17 Apr. 1854. Merchant. Born in Virginia. Lived at Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois, by Jan. 1832. Served as constable, beginning Aug. 1835. Married Juliett Ann McDade, 9 June 1836, in Adams Co. Served as Adams Co. coroner, by Aug. 1836. Served as...

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of
Adams County

Situated in western Illinois; bounded on west by Mississippi River. Organized from Pike Co., 1825. Quincy established as county seat, 1825. Population in 1830 about 2,200. Population in 1840 about 14,500. Latter-day Saint exiles from Missouri found refuge...

More Info
, Illinois, arrested him on the original warrant at
Bear Creek

Named after stream that rises near Carthage, Illinois, and flows southwest into Mississippi River. JS arrested in area, 5 June 1841, by Adams Co., Illinois, sheriff Thomas King, acting on warrant from Illinois governor Thomas Carlin, who planned to deliver...

More Info
, Illinois, approximately thirteen miles north of Quincy.
10

JS History, vol. C-1, 1205; “The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

After returning to Quincy, JS secured from the Adams County Circuit Court a writ of
habeas corpus

“Have the body”; a written order from a court of competent jurisdiction commanding anyone having a person in custody to produce such person at a certain time and place and to state the reasons why he or she is being held in custody. The court will determine...

View Glossary
, a common law remedy that allowed an authorized judge to review the legality of an arrest. That evening, Judge
Stephen A. Douglas

23 Apr. 1813–3 June 1861. Lawyer, politician. Born at Brandon, Rutland Co., Vermont. Son of Stephen Arnold Douglass and Sarah Fisk. Moved to Ontario Co., New York, 1830. Moved to Jacksonville, Morgan Co., Illinois, 1833. Served as attorney general of Illinois...

View Full Bio
of the Fifth Judicial Circuit agreed to hear the case on habeas corpus in the Warren County Circuit Court, which was scheduled to be in session the following week.
11

“The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447; An Act to Establish Circuit Courts, [23 Feb. 1841], Laws of the State of Illinois [1840–1841], p. 108, sec. 18; “Habeas Corpus,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary [1839], 1:454; see also Kent, Commentaries on American Law, 25–31; and Walker, “Habeas Corpus in Early Nineteenth-Century Mormonism,” 4–97.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

Laws of the State of Illinois, Passed by the Twelfth General Assembly, at Their Session, Began and Held at Springfield, on the Seventh of December, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty. Springfield, IL: William Walters, 1841.

Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; with References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 2 vols. Philadelphia: T. and J. W. Johnson, 1839.

Kent, James. Commentaries on American Law. 4th ed. Vol. 2. New York: By the author, 1840.

Walker, Jeffrey N. “Habeas Corpus in Early Nineteenth-Century Mormonism: Joseph Smith’s Legal Bulwark for Personal Freedom.” BYU Studies 52, no. 1 (2013): 4–97.

The hearing was held on 9–10 June 1841 in
Monmouth

Post village about 120 miles northwest of Springfield. Made county seat, 1831. Population in 1858 about 900.

More Info
, Illinois, the seat of Warren County. Although no legal records from the hearing have been located, newspapers, including the church’s Times and Seasons, published summaries of the proceedings. JS was represented by
Illinois

Became part of Northwest Territory of U.S., 1787. Admitted as state, 1818. Population in 1840 about 480,000. Population in 1845 about 660,000. Plentiful, inexpensive land attracted settlers from northern and southern states. Following expulsion from Missouri...

More Info
attorneys
Calvin A. Warren

3 June 1807–22 Feb. 1881. Lawyer. Born in Elizabethtown, Essex Co., New York. Lived at Hamilton Co., Ohio, 1832. Moved to Batavia, Clermont Co., Ohio, by 1835. Married first Viola A. Morris, 25 May 1835, at Batavia. Moved to Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois, 1836...

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,
James Ralston

12 Oct. 1807–9 May 1864. Soldier, lawyer, judge, politician. Born in Bourbon Co., Kentucky. Son of John Ralston and Elizabeth Neely. Served in Black Hawk War, 1832. Married first Jane S. Alexander, 1833, in Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois. Member of Illinois ...

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,
Sidney Little

25 July 1807–July 1841. Lawyer, politician. Married Sarah P. Fisk, 7 Aug. 1831, in Hilham, Overton Co., Tennessee. Moved to Carthage, Hancock Co., Illinois, ca. 1834 or 1835. Elected to Illinois Senate, 1838. Introduced “Act to Incorporate the City of Nauvoo...

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,
Archibald Williams

10 June 1801–21 Sept. 1863. Lawyer, judge. Born in Montgomery Co., Kentucky. Son of John Wesley Williams and Amelia Gill. Moved to Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois, 1829. Married first Nancy Kemp, 28 July 1831. President of the Trustees of Quincy when town was...

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,
Cyrus Walker

6 May 1791–Dec. 1875. Lawyer. Born in Rockbridge Co., Virginia. Son of Alexander Walker and Mary Magdalene Hammond. Presbyterian. Moved to Adair Co., Kentucky, ca. 1794. Lived in Columbia, Adair Co., by 1810. Married Flora Montgomery, 30 Jan. 1817, in Adair...

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, and
Orville Browning

10 Feb. 1806–10 Aug. 1881. Lawyer, politician. Born at Cynthiana, Harrison Co., Kentucky. Son of Micajah Browning and Sarah Brown. Attended Augusta College, in Augusta, Bracken Co., Kentucky. Moved to Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois, ca. 1831, and practiced law...

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, while the state of Illinois was represented primarily by lawyers
Thomas Morrison

Ca. 1817–13 Apr. 1849. Lawyer, justice of the peace, politician. Resided at Carthage, Hancock Co., Illinois, by 1840. Married Mary E. Wells, 25 Dec. 1844, in Hancock Co. Elected member of Illinois House of Representatives, 1846. Died in Carthage.

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, Lincoln B. Knowlton, and Henry Jennings.
12

“The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447–449; “Joe Smith Arrested,” Peoria (IL) Register and North-Western Gazetteer, 18 June 1841, [2]; JS History, vol. C-1, 1205. The latter paper also identified three additional attorneys for the state: Perkins and Minshall, both of Schuyler County, Illinois, and Mitchell of Warren County.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

Peoria Register and North-Western Gazetteer. Peoria, IL. 1837–1843.

During the first day of the hearing, JS’s attorneys attempted to introduce witnesses who would testify that the April 1839 treason indictment “was obtained by fraud, bribery, and duress.” Furthermore, the lawyers desired to introduce “evidence on the merits of the case,” that is, as to whether JS had actually committed treason in
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

More Info
. After hearing arguments on both sides,
Douglas

23 Apr. 1813–3 June 1861. Lawyer, politician. Born at Brandon, Rutland Co., Vermont. Son of Stephen Arnold Douglass and Sarah Fisk. Moved to Ontario Co., New York, 1830. Moved to Jacksonville, Morgan Co., Illinois, 1833. Served as attorney general of Illinois...

View Full Bio
declined to rule on the admissibility of the proffered evidence, “as it involved great and important considerations, relative to the future conduct of the different states.”
13

“The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447–448. The Illinois habeas corpus statute permitted a judge to “settle the said facts, by hearing the testimony and arguments” and then to discharge prisoners for procedural flaws in the arresting documents under specific scenarios, including in cases “where the process appears to have been obtained by false pretense or bribery.” (An Act Regulating the Proceeding on Writs of Habeas Corpus [22 Jan. 1827], Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois, pp. 323–324, sec. 3.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

The Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois: Containing All the Laws . . . Passed by the Ninth General Assembly, at Their First Session, Commencing December 1, 1834, and Ending February 13, 1835; and at Their Second Session, Commencing December 7, 1835, and Ending January 18, 1836; and Those Passed by the Tenth General Assembly, at Their Session Commencing December 5, 1836, and Ending March 6, 1837; and at Their Special Session, Commencing July 10, and Ending July 22, 1837. . . . Compiled by Jonathan Young Scammon. Chicago: Stephen F. Gale, 1839.

The following morning,
Douglas

23 Apr. 1813–3 June 1861. Lawyer, politician. Born at Brandon, Rutland Co., Vermont. Son of Stephen Arnold Douglass and Sarah Fisk. Moved to Ontario Co., New York, 1830. Moved to Jacksonville, Morgan Co., Illinois, 1833. Served as attorney general of Illinois...

View Full Bio
discharged JS on the grounds that
Carlin

18 July 1789–14 Feb. 1852. Ferry owner, farmer, sheriff, politician. Born in Fayette Co., Kentucky. Son of Thomas Carlin and Elizabeth Evans. Baptist. Moved to what became Missouri, by 1803. Moved to Illinois Territory, by 1812. Served in War of 1812. Married...

View Full Bio
’s original warrant had been returned unserved in September 1840 and was therefore no longer valid.
14

“The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:448.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

Thomas Ford

5 Dec. 1800–3 Nov. 1850. Schoolteacher, newspaperman, lawyer, politician, judge, author. Born in Uniontown, Fayette Co., Pennsylvania. Son of Robert Ford and Elizabeth Logue Forquer. Moved to St. Louis, 1804; to New Design (later American Bottom), Randolph...

View Full Bio
, who in 1841 was an
Illinois

Became part of Northwest Territory of U.S., 1787. Admitted as state, 1818. Population in 1840 about 480,000. Population in 1845 about 660,000. Plentiful, inexpensive land attracted settlers from northern and southern states. Following expulsion from Missouri...

More Info
Supreme Court justice, later wrote that Douglas discharged JS “upon the ground that the writ upon which he had been arrested had been once returned, before it had been executed, and was functus officio,” which a nineteenth-century law dictionary defined as “something which once had life and power, but which now has no virtue whatsoever.”
15

Ford, History of Illinois, 266; “Functus Officio,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary [1856], 1:551.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Ford, Thomas. A History of Illinois, from Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a Full Account of the Black Hawk War, the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormonism, the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, and Other Important and Interesting Events. Chicago: S. C. Griggs; New York: Ivison and Phinney, 1854.

Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; with References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 6th ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Childs and Peterson, 1856.

Carlin evidently anticipated Douglas’s decision. On 8 June 1841, he issued a new warrant for JS and the other Latter-day Saints named in the requisition. The warrant was delivered to Warren County sheriff Samuel L. Hogue, who noted that he was unable to locate any of the named men in his county.
16

Warrant, 8 June 1841 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Requisition, 1 Sept. 1840 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes].


No further action was taken against JS or the other Latter-day Saint defendants based on the 1 September 1840 requisition.
 
Calendar of Documents
This calendar lists all known documents created by or for the court or official government offices, whether extant or not. It does not include versions of documents created for other purposes, though those versions may be listed in footnotes. In certain cases, especially in cases concerning unpaid debts, the originating document (promissory note, invoice, etc.) is listed here. Note that documents in the calendar are grouped with their originating court or office. Where a version of a document was subsequently filed with another court, that version is listed under both courts.
 
State of Missouri, Office of the Governor

1839 (3)

July (3)

6 July 1839

Transcript of Proceedings, Treason, Honey Creek Township, Daviess Co., MO
1

Following the escape of JS and other Latter-day Saint prisoners from custody in April 1839, Missouri governor Lilburn W. Boggs requested Robert Wilson, clerk of the Daviess County Circuit Court, to prepare certified copies of the indictments and other case materials on file with the court. On 6 July 1839, Wilson made a certified transcript of the ca. 10 April 1839 treason indictment and associated docket entries, which he then forwarded to the governor. (See Introduction to Part 3: 4 Nov. 1838–16 Apr. 1839, in JSP, D6:278; and Thomas C. Burch, Keytesville, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 24 June 1839, Mormon Collection, Missouri History Museum, St. Louis.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

JSP, D6 / Ashurst-McGee, Mark, David W. Grua, Elizabeth Kuehn, Alexander L. Baugh, and Brenden W. Rensink, eds. Documents, Volume 6: February 1838–August 1839. Vol. 6 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey. Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017.

Burch, Thomas C. Letter, Keytesville, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 24 June 1839. Mormons Collection. Missouri History Museum Archives, St. Louis.

  • 6 July 1839; Joseph Smith Extradition Records, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois; handwriting of Robert Wilson; docket in unidentified handwriting.
6 July 1839

Transcript of Proceedings, Burglary, Honey Creek Township, Daviess Co., MO
1

Following the escape of JS and other Latter-day Saint prisoners from custody in April 1839, Missouri governor Lilburn W. Boggs requested Robert Wilson, clerk of the Daviess County Circuit Court, to prepare certified copies of the indictments and other case materials on file with the court. On 6 July 1839, Wilson made a certified transcript of the ca. 10 April 1839 burglary indictment and associated docket entries, which he then forwarded to the governor. (See Introduction to Part 3: 4 Nov. 1838–16 Apr. 1839, in JSP, D6:278; and Thomas C. Burch, Keytesville, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 24 June 1839, Mormon Collection, Missouri History Museum, St. Louis.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

JSP, D6 / Ashurst-McGee, Mark, David W. Grua, Elizabeth Kuehn, Alexander L. Baugh, and Brenden W. Rensink, eds. Documents, Volume 6: February 1838–August 1839. Vol. 6 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey. Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017.

Burch, Thomas C. Letter, Keytesville, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 24 June 1839. Mormons Collection. Missouri History Museum Archives, St. Louis.

  • 6 July 1839; Joseph Smith Extradition Records, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois; handwriting of Robert Wilson; docket in unidentified handwriting; notations in unidentified handwriting.
18 July 1839

Transcript of Proceedings, Murder, Columbia, Boone Co., MO
1

Following the escape of Parley P. Pratt and other Latter-day Saint prisoners from custody in July 1839, Missouri governor Lilburn W. Boggs requested Roger N. Todd, clerk of the Boone County Circuit Court—which held jurisdiction over the murder case following a change of venue—to prepare certified copies of the indictments and other case materials on file with the court. On 18 July 1839, Todd made a certified transcript of the 24 April 1839 murder indictment and related documents, which he then forwarded to the governor. (See “History of Parley P. Pratt,” Millennial Star, 24 Dec. 1864, 26:824; and James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, to Roger N. Todd, Columbia, MO, 9 July 1839, photocopy, Daviess County Legal Documents, BYU.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star. Manchester, England, 1840–1842; Liverpool, 1842–1932; London, 1932–1970.

Daviess County Legal Documents. Photocopies. BYU.

  • 18 July 1839; Joseph Smith Extradition Records, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois; handwriting of Roger N. Todd and unidentified scribe; docket in handwriting of Roger N. Todd.

1840 (1)

September (1)

1 September 1840

Lilburn W. Boggs, Requisition, Jefferson City, Cole Co., MO

  • 1 Sept. 1840; Joseph Smith Extradition Records, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois; printed form with manuscript additions in handwriting of James L. Minor; signatures of Lilburn W. Boggs and James L. Minor.
 
State of Illinois, Office of the Governor

1840 (1)

September (1)

Ca. 6 September 1840

Thomas Carlin, Warrant, Quincy, Adams Co., IL

  • Ca. 6 Sept. 1840. Not extant.
    1

    The Quincy Whig reported that Lilburn W. Boggs’s agents met with Carlin on 6 September 1840 in Quincy. Carlin presumably issued the warrant that day or soon after. (“The Mormons,” Quincy (IL) Whig, 12 Sept. 1840, [2]; Editorial, Times and Seasons, Sept. 1840, 1:169–170.)


    Comprehensive Works Cited

    Quincy Whig. Quincy, IL. 1838–1856.

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

1841 (1)

June (1)

8 June 1841

Warrant, Springfield, Sangamo Co., IL

  • 8 June 1841; Executive Section, Requisitions From Other States, 1835–1949, Illinois State Archives, Springfield, Illinois; handwriting of unidentified scribe; certification in handwriting of Thomas Carlin; docket in unidentified handwriting; notation in unidentified handwriting.
    1

    Carlin apparently issued this warrant in preparation for the scheduled 8 June 1841 hearing before Stephen A. Douglas.


 
Adams Co., Illinois, Circuit Court

1841 (2)

June (2)

5 June 1841

Petition to Calvin A. Warren, Quincy, Adams Co., IL

  • 5 June 1841. Not extant.
    1

    Following JS’s arrest, he petitioned Adams County master in chancery Calvin Warren for a writ of habeas corpus. In the absence of a circuit court judge, Illinois law authorized masters in chancery such as Warren to receive petitions for writs of habeas corpus. (“The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447; An Act to Provide for Issuing Writs of Ne Exeat and Habeas Corpus, and for Other Purposes [11 Feb. 1835], Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois, p. 145, sec. 2.)


    Comprehensive Works Cited

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

    The Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois: Containing All the Laws . . . Passed by the Ninth General Assembly, at Their First Session, Commencing December 1, 1834, and Ending February 13, 1835; and at Their Second Session, Commencing December 7, 1835, and Ending January 18, 1836; and Those Passed by the Tenth General Assembly, at Their Session Commencing December 5, 1836, and Ending March 6, 1837; and at Their Special Session, Commencing July 10, and Ending July 22, 1837. . . . Compiled by Jonathan Young Scammon. Chicago: Stephen F. Gale, 1839.

5 June 1841

Habeas Corpus, Quincy, Adams Co., IL

  • 5 June 1841. Not extant.
    1

    After receiving JS’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus, Illinois law required Adams County master in chancery Calvin Warren to order the circuit court clerk, Carlo M. Woods, to issue the writ. Judge Stephen A. Douglas of the fifth judicial circuit arrived in Quincy during the evening of 5 June and agreed to hear the case at the next session of the Warren County Circuit Court, which was scheduled to be held in Monmouth, Illinois, the following week. (“The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447; An Act to Provide for Issuing Writs of Ne Exeat and Habeas Corpus, and for Other Purposes [11 Feb. 1835], Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois, p. 145, sec. 2; JS, Journal, 27 Dec. 1842; An Act to Establish Circuit Courts, [23 Feb. 1841], Laws of the State of Illinois [1840–1841], p. 108, sec. 18; Nehemiah Bushnell, Affidavit, 30 June 1841, Case No. 971, Adams Co., Miscellaneous Case Files, Cases 1–1,956, 1837–1844, microfilm, 1,869,897, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL; Bouton, Festal Gathering, 33.)


    Comprehensive Works Cited

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

    The Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois: Containing All the Laws . . . Passed by the Ninth General Assembly, at Their First Session, Commencing December 1, 1834, and Ending February 13, 1835; and at Their Second Session, Commencing December 7, 1835, and Ending January 18, 1836; and Those Passed by the Tenth General Assembly, at Their Session Commencing December 5, 1836, and Ending March 6, 1837; and at Their Special Session, Commencing July 10, and Ending July 22, 1837. . . . Compiled by Jonathan Young Scammon. Chicago: Stephen F. Gale, 1839.

    Laws of the State of Illinois, Passed by the Twelfth General Assembly, at Their Session, Began and Held at Springfield, on the Seventh of December, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty. Springfield, IL: William Walters, 1841.

    U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

    Bouton, Nathan. Festal Gathering of the Early Settlers and Present Inhabitants of Virgil, Held on Thursday, the 25th of August, 1853. Also, Supplementary Letters on the History of the Town Down to the 4th of July, 1876, with an Account of the Centennial Celebration. Dryden, New York: A. M. Ford, 1878.

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Editorial Title
Introduction to Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes
ID #
15355
Total Pages
1
Print Volume Location
Handwriting on This Page

    Footnotes

    1. [1]

      See Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Treason, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Burglary, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, 24 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Murder, 18 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; and Robert Wilson, Gallatin, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 18 Mar. 1841, in Document Containing the Correspondence, 156–159. For more information on the 1838 conflict and JS’s winter 1838–1839 incarceration, see Introduction to State of Missouri v. Gates et al. for Treason.

      Document Containing the Correspondence, Orders, &c., in Relation to the Disturbances with the Mormons; and the Evidence Given before the Hon. Austin A. King, Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, at the Court-House in Richmond, in a Criminal Court of Inquiry, Begun November 12, 1838, on the Trial of Joseph Smith, Jr., and Others, for High Treason and Other Crimes against the State. Fayette, MO: Boon’s Lick Democrat, 1841.

    2. [2]

      See Introduction to Part 3: 4 Nov. 1838–16 Apr. 1839, in JSP, D6:274–278; and “History of Parley P. Pratt,” Millennial Star, 24 Dec. 1864, 26:824.

      JSP, D6 / Ashurst-McGee, Mark, David W. Grua, Elizabeth Kuehn, Alexander L. Baugh, and Brenden W. Rensink, eds. Documents, Volume 6: February 1838–August 1839. Vol. 6 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey. Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017.

      Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star. Manchester, England, 1840–1842; Liverpool, 1842–1932; London, 1932–1970.

    3. [3]

      See Austin A. King, Richmond, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 7 June 1839, copy, Mormon War Papers, MSA; Thomas C. Burch, Keytesville, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 24 June 1839, Mormon Collection, Missouri History Museum, St. Louis; James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, to Roger N. Todd, Columbia, MO, 9 July 1839, photocopy, Daviess County Legal Documents, BYU; Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Treason, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Burglary, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, 24 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Murder, 18 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes].

      Mormon War Papers, 1838–1841. MSA.

      Burch, Thomas C. Letter, Keytesville, MO, to James L. Minor, Jefferson City, MO, 24 June 1839. Mormons Collection. Missouri History Museum Archives, St. Louis.

      Daviess County Legal Documents. Photocopies. BYU.

    4. [4]

      H. M. Woodyard et al., Tully, MO, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 24 July 1840, photocopy, Missouri Historical Society, Selected Papers Pertaining to Mormonism, CHL; Alanson Brown, Affidavit, Hancock, Co., IL, 13 July 1840, in Times and Seasons, July 1840, 1:141; James Allred, Affidavit, Hancock, Co., IL, 16 July 1843, in Times and Seasons, July 1840, 1:141–142; Minutes, Hancock, Co., IL, 13 July 1840, in Times and Seasons, July 1840, 1:142–143; “The Mormons,” Quincy (IL) Whig, 12 Sept. 1840, [2]; “A Looker On,” Quincy, IL, Letter to the Editor, 7 Sept. 1840, Western World (Warsaw, IL), 16 Sept. 1840, [2]–[3].

      Missouri Historical Society. Selected Papers Pertaining to Mormonism, 1831–1859. Microfilm. CHL. MS 8217.

      Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

      Quincy Whig. Quincy, IL. 1838–1856.

      Western World. Warsaw, IL. 1840–1841.

    5. [5]

      JS, Wight, and Baldwin were named in an April 1839 indictment for treason presented by a grand jury in Daviess County, Missouri. Brown was named in a Daviess County burglary indictment. Pratt was named in an indictment for murder in Ray County, Missouri, while Rigdon was identified as an accessory to murder. Although Brown was named in the burglary indictment, he was not as well-known as the others. He was, however, one of the escaped Tully kidnapping victims, which presumably explains why he was included in the requisition. JS, Wight, Pratt, and Rigdon were prominent church leaders, while Baldwin was likely known to Missouri authorities as he had been imprisoned with JS in 1838–1839. (Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Treason, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, ca. 10 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Burglary, 6 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Indictment, 24 Apr. 1839, in Transcript of Proceedings, Murder, 18 July 1839 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Requisition, 1 Sept. 1840 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; “The Mormons,” Quincy (IL) Whig, 12 Sept. 1840, [2]; “The Mormon Affair,” Missouri Whig and General Advertiser (Palmyra, MO), 26 Sept. 1840, [2]; Introduction to Part 3: 4 Nov.–16 Apr. 1839, in JSP, D6:274.)

      Quincy Whig. Quincy, IL. 1838–1856.

      Missouri Whig, and General Advertiser. Palmyra, MO. 1839–1841.

      JSP, D6 / Ashurst-McGee, Mark, David W. Grua, Elizabeth Kuehn, Alexander L. Baugh, and Brenden W. Rensink, eds. Documents, Volume 6: February 1838–August 1839. Vol. 6 of the Documents series of The Joseph Smith Papers, edited by Ronald K. Esplin, Matthew J. Grow, and Matthew C. Godfrey. Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2017.

    6. [6]

      The U.S. Constitution states that “a Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.” In 1793, Congress passed a statute that enacted this provision and specified that the requisition—the document requesting the extradition—should be accompanied by either an affidavit or an indictment specifying the charge. (U.S. Constitution, art. 4, sec. 2; An Act Respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons Escaping from the Service of Their Masters [12 Feb. 1793], Public Statutes at Large, 2nd Cong., 2nd Sess., chap. 7, p. 302.)

      The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

    7. [7]

      Requisition, 1 Sept. 1840 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]. The Daviess County Circuit Court dismissed the burglary indictment in December 1839. Similarly, the Boone County Circuit Court, which held jurisdiction over the treason and murder cases due to changes of venue, dismissed those indictments on 5 August 1840. (See Docket Entry, Nolle Prosequi, State of Missouri v. Voorhease et al. [Daviess Co. Cir. Ct. 1839], Daviess County Circuit Court Record, vol. A, 1837–1843, p. 150, microfilm 959,085, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL; Roger N. Todd, Clerk Certificate, 6 Mar. 1841, in Document Containing the Correspondence, 153–156; Docket Entry, Nolle Prosequi, 5 Aug. 1840 [State of Missouri v. Gates et al. for Treason]; and Docket Entry, Nolle Prosequi, State of Missouri v. Pratt et al. [Boone Co. Cir. Ct. 1840], Boone County Circuit Court Record, vol. C, p. 316, microfilm 981,755, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)

      U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

      Document Containing the Correspondence, Orders, &c., in Relation to the Disturbances with the Mormons; and the Evidence Given before the Hon. Austin A. King, Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, at the Court-House in Richmond, in a Criminal Court of Inquiry, Begun November 12, 1838, on the Trial of Joseph Smith, Jr., and Others, for High Treason and Other Crimes against the State. Fayette, MO: Boon’s Lick Democrat, 1841.

    8. [8]

      See “A Looker On,” Quincy, IL, Letter to the Editor, 7 Sept. 1840, Western World (Warsaw, IL), 16 Sept. 1840, [2]; and An Act Concerning Fugitives from Justice [6 Jan. 1827], Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois, p. 318, sec. 1.

      The Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois: Containing All the Laws . . . Passed by the Ninth General Assembly, at Their First Session, Commencing December 1, 1834, and Ending February 13, 1835; and at Their Second Session, Commencing December 7, 1835, and Ending January 18, 1836; and Those Passed by the Tenth General Assembly, at Their Session Commencing December 5, 1836, and Ending March 6, 1837; and at Their Special Session, Commencing July 10, and Ending July 22, 1837. . . . Compiled by Jonathan Young Scammon. Chicago: Stephen F. Gale, 1839.

    9. [9]

      See “A Looker On,” Quincy, IL, Letter to the Editor, 7 Sept. 1840, Western World (Warsaw, IL), 16 Sept. 1840, [2]; Editorial, Times and Seasons, Sept. 1840, 1:170; and “The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:448.

      Western World. Warsaw, IL. 1840–1841.

      Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

    10. [10]

      JS History, vol. C-1, 1205; “The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447.

      Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

    11. [11]

      “The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447; An Act to Establish Circuit Courts, [23 Feb. 1841], Laws of the State of Illinois [1840–1841], p. 108, sec. 18; “Habeas Corpus,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary [1839], 1:454; see also Kent, Commentaries on American Law, 25–31; and Walker, “Habeas Corpus in Early Nineteenth-Century Mormonism,” 4–97.

      Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

      Laws of the State of Illinois, Passed by the Twelfth General Assembly, at Their Session, Began and Held at Springfield, on the Seventh of December, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty. Springfield, IL: William Walters, 1841.

      Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; with References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 2 vols. Philadelphia: T. and J. W. Johnson, 1839.

      Kent, James. Commentaries on American Law. 4th ed. Vol. 2. New York: By the author, 1840.

      Walker, Jeffrey N. “Habeas Corpus in Early Nineteenth-Century Mormonism: Joseph Smith’s Legal Bulwark for Personal Freedom.” BYU Studies 52, no. 1 (2013): 4–97.

    12. [12]

      “The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447–449; “Joe Smith Arrested,” Peoria (IL) Register and North-Western Gazetteer, 18 June 1841, [2]; JS History, vol. C-1, 1205. The latter paper also identified three additional attorneys for the state: Perkins and Minshall, both of Schuyler County, Illinois, and Mitchell of Warren County.

      Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

      Peoria Register and North-Western Gazetteer. Peoria, IL. 1837–1843.

    13. [13]

      “The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:447–448. The Illinois habeas corpus statute permitted a judge to “settle the said facts, by hearing the testimony and arguments” and then to discharge prisoners for procedural flaws in the arresting documents under specific scenarios, including in cases “where the process appears to have been obtained by false pretense or bribery.” (An Act Regulating the Proceeding on Writs of Habeas Corpus [22 Jan. 1827], Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois, pp. 323–324, sec. 3.)

      Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

      The Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois: Containing All the Laws . . . Passed by the Ninth General Assembly, at Their First Session, Commencing December 1, 1834, and Ending February 13, 1835; and at Their Second Session, Commencing December 7, 1835, and Ending January 18, 1836; and Those Passed by the Tenth General Assembly, at Their Session Commencing December 5, 1836, and Ending March 6, 1837; and at Their Special Session, Commencing July 10, and Ending July 22, 1837. . . . Compiled by Jonathan Young Scammon. Chicago: Stephen F. Gale, 1839.

    14. [14]

      “The Late Proceedings,” Times and Seasons, 15 June 1841, 2:448.

      Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

    15. [15]

      Ford, History of Illinois, 266; “Functus Officio,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary [1856], 1:551.

      Ford, Thomas. A History of Illinois, from Its Commencement as a State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a Full Account of the Black Hawk War, the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormonism, the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, and Other Important and Interesting Events. Chicago: S. C. Griggs; New York: Ivison and Phinney, 1854.

      Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; with References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 6th ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Childs and Peterson, 1856.

    16. [16]

      Warrant, 8 June 1841 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes]; Requisition, 1 Sept. 1840 [Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes].

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