In 1841, Rawcliff sailed from Liverpool to New York City on the Rochester, the same ship that transported 120–130 British converts, as well as apostles Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Orson Pratt, Wilford Woodruff, John Taylor, George A. Smith, and Willard Richards. (Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, 1820–1897, roll 44 [16 Sept. 1840–10 May 1841], Manifest 178, microfilm 2,289, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL; “History of Brigham Young,” Millennial Star, 2 Jan. 1864, 26:7; Woodruff, Journal, 20 Apr. 1841.)

U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star. Manchester, England, 1840–1842; Liverpool, 1842–1932; London, 1932–1970.

Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.

According to Rawcliff’s marriage certificate, his father, Henry Rawcliff, was a grocer. During the course of his mission in England from 1837 to 1841, Willard Richards mentioned Henry Rawcliff, or more commonly “Bro Rawcliff,” several times. The Rawcliffs lived in Longton, a small village located a few miles southwest of Preston. Richards presumably stayed there on several occasions. Later, Joseph Fielding mentioned staying at the Rawcliff home in his letters to Willard Richards reporting on his missionary activities in January and March of 1840. (Parish Registers for St. John’s Church, Preston, 1642–1948, Marriages, 1837–1846, p. 151, microfilm 93,993, British Isles Record Collection, FHL; Willard Richards, Journal, 7 and 11 July 1838; 24 Oct. 1838; 13 Apr. 1839; 9 and 27 Aug. 1839; 31 Mar. 1840; Joseph Fielding, Liverpool, England, to Willard Richards, Preston, England, 26 Jan. and 9 Mar. 1840, Willard Richards, Journals and Papers, CHL.)

British Isles Record Collection. FHL.

Richards, Willard. Journals, 1836–1853. Willard Richards, Papers, 1821–1854. CHL. MS 1490, boxes 1–2.

Richards, Willard. Journals and Papers, 1821–1854. CHL.

Elizabethan antiquarian and historian William Camden included the phrase “Eaten bread is forgot” in a chapter on English proverbs in his book about Britain. (Camden, Remains concerning Britain, 321.)

Camden, William. Remains concerning Britain: Their Languages, Names, Surnames, Allusions, Anagramms, Armories, Moneys, Impresses, Apparel, Artillerie, Wise Speeches, Proverbs, Poesies, Epitaphs. 7th impression. London: Charles Harper, 1674.

See 1 Thessalonians 5:21.

The phrase free trade and sailors’ rights became a rallying cry of the United States during the War of 1812 against Great Britain. The slogan simplified the conflict’s complex origins by focusing on two of the many issues behind the war—the search and seizure of neutral sailing vessels and the British practice of impressing sailors. After the war, the slogan was adopted by many political and social movements regardless of their policies, becoming a patriotic expression devoid of clear meaning. In the 1830s and 1840s, for example, both the anti-tariff Democrats and the pro-tariff Whigs used the motto in defense of their opposing platforms. JS used the phrase while hiding from Missouri authorities during their attempt to extradite him to that state in 1842, declaring, “Free trade and Sailors rights be our motto.” JS also later used it in his presidential campaign. (Gilje, Free Trade and Sailors’ Rights, chaps. 16–17, 23; Letter to Wilson Law, 14 Aug. 1842; “Minutes of a Convention Held in the City of Nauvoo,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 22 May 1844, [2].)

Gilje, Paul A. Free Trade and Sailors’ Rights in the War of 1812. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Nauvoo Neighbor. Nauvoo, IL. 1843–1845.

Hyde and Heber C. Kimball first preached in Longton just after Christmas Day 1837. Kimball recorded that they baptized ten people in “the sea becaus fresh water was frozen.” In January and February of 1838, Hyde and Kimball made two more trips to Longton to preach and subsequently baptized another thirteen people. (Kimball, Journal, [25 Dec. 1837] and 24 Jan. 1838.)

Kimball, Heber C. Journal, June 1837–Feb. 1838; Feb.–Mar. 1840; May 1846–Feb. 1847. Heber C. Kimball, Papers, 1837–1866. CHL. MS 627, box 3, fd. 2.

Shark could refer to the act of cheating and tricking or to “one who fills his pockets by sly tricks.” (“Shark,” in American Dictionary [1841], 748.)

An American Dictionary of the English Language; First Edition in Octavo, Containing the Whole Vocabulary of the Quarto, with Corrections, Improvements and Several Thousand Additional Words. . . . Edited by Noah Webster. 2nd ed. 2 vols. New Haven: By the author, 1841.

The Rochester arrived in New York City on 20 May 1841. (Woodruff, Journal, 20 May 1841.)

Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.

TEXT: “[page torn]ce”.

See Micah 4:4.

This was likely Lucien Woodworth, who, though not a member of the church, oversaw the construction of the Nauvoo House. In February 1843, Woodworth reportedly stated that he believed some workers were trying to take advantage of him to get themselves out of poverty. He stated that when someone told him, “I will have my pay,” his response was “go to hell & get it.” However, Woodworth also claimed that whenever he “had a pou[n]d of meat or quart of meal,” he “divided with the workman.” (JS, Journal, 21 Feb. 1843; see also JS, Journal, 10 Mar. and 19 Apr. 1843.)

See Exodus 33:11.

See 1 Corinthians 13:12.

This line comes from a hymn written by Irish evangelical clergyman and prolific hymnist Thomas Kelly. Brigham Young, Parley P. Pratt, and John Taylor included “O Zion, when I think on thee” in their selection of hymns for European Latter-day Saints, which was published in Manchester in 1840. (Akenson, Discovering the End of Time, 287–288; Hymn 269, Collection of Sacred Hymns [1840], 321–322.)

Akenson, Donald Harman. Discovering the End of Time: Irish Evangelicals in the Age of Daniel O’Connell. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2016.

A Collection of Sacred Hymns, for the Church of the Latter Day Saints. Edited by Emma Smith. Kirtland, OH: F. G. Williams, 1835.

See Exodus 16:3.

Stump and rump was an expression meaning “absolutely, completely, entirely.” (“Stump,” in Wright, English Dialect Dictionary, 5:835.)

Wright, Joseph, ed. The English Dialect Dictionary, Being the Complete Vocabulary of All Dialect Words Still in Use, or Known to Have Been in Use During the Last Two Hundred Years. . . . 6 vols. London: Henry Frowde, 1898–1905.

In 1833, JS dictated a revelation—presented “not by commandment or Constraint, but by Revelation & the word of wisdom”—that provided a dietary code of health for the Saints. This revelation, which became commonly known as “the Word of Wisdom,” counseled against the consumption of some substances, including tobacco, wine and “Strong drinks,” and “hot drinks,” which were interpreted as coffee and tea. The Saints’ observance of the Word of Wisdom varied. Some strictly adhered to it; others were more lax in their observance. Both Amasa Lyman and Orson Hyde later recalled that Rigdon liked to smoke a pipe. Although not a church member, Rawcliff probably learned about the Word of Wisdom while in England. Willard Richards spoke about the Word of Wisdom in 1838 while staying at the residence of “Bro Rawcliff.” (Revelation, 27 Feb. 1833 [D&C 89:2, 5–9]; “Trial of Elder Rigdon,” Times and Seasons, 15 Sept. 1844, 5:654; Speech of Elder Orson Hyde, 25; Willard Richards, Journal, 7 July 1838.)

Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

Speech of Elder Orson Hyde, Delivered before the High Priest’s Quorum in Nauvoo, April 27th, 1845, upon the Course and Conduct of Mr. Sidney Rigdon, and upon the Merits of His Claims to the Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Nauvoo, IL: John Taylor, 1845. Copy at CHL.

Richards, Willard. Journals, 1836–1853. Willard Richards, Papers, 1821–1854. CHL. MS 1490, boxes 1–2.

JS dictated multiple revelations that placed Adam, also known as Michael, at the center of the culminating events of the resurrection of the dead and the final fight against Satan after the Millennium, or one thousand years of peace. (See Revelation, Sept. 1830–A [D&C 29:26]; and Revelation, 27–28 Dec. 1832 [D&C 88:110–115].)