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Letter to Horace Hotchkiss, 13 May 1842

Source Note

JS, Letter,
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, Hancock Co., IL, to
Horace Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
,
Fair Haven

Village in south-central Connecticut, located on Quinnipiac River. Population in 1853 about 3,000.

More Info
, New Haven Co., CT, 13 May 1842; handwriting of
Willard Richards

24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...

View Full Bio
; three pages; Joseph Smith Papers, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library & Museum, Springfield, IL. Includes address, postal stamp, and postal notation.
Bifolium measuring 7⅞ × 9¾ inches (20 × 25 cm). The document was trifolded twice for mailing, addressed, and sealed with wax. A trace of the wafer is visible on the verso of the second leaf. The second leaf has numerical calculations and notes in graphite that were made later in unidentified handwriting. The second leaf has separation and tearing along the length of the top fold.
After the document was received by
Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
, its subsequent custodial history is unknown until 1937, when the Illinois State Historical Library purchased it from Goodspeed’s Bookshop (Boston, MA).
1

Correspondence between editors and manuscripts curator at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, IL, 15 May 2017, copy in editors’ possession.


After 1972, the library placed the letter and other documents to or from JS that were acquired over approximately thirty years into an artificial collection called the Joseph Smith Papers.
2

Correspondence between editors and manuscripts curator at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, IL, 15 May 2017, copy in editors’ possession.


In 2004, the Illinois State Historical Library was renamed the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library.

Footnotes

  1. [1]

    Correspondence between editors and manuscripts curator at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, IL, 15 May 2017, copy in editors’ possession.

  2. [2]

    Correspondence between editors and manuscripts curator at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, IL, 15 May 2017, copy in editors’ possession.

Historical Introduction

On 13 May 1842,
Willard Richards

24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...

View Full Bio
wrote to
Horace Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
on behalf of JS, responding to a letter Hotchkiss had sent in April regarding the payment of debts owed to him and his business partners. The 13 May letter was sent from
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, Illinois, to
Fair Haven

Village in south-central Connecticut, located on Quinnipiac River. Population in 1853 about 3,000.

More Info
, Connecticut, which was close to where Hotchkiss resided.
1

See Letter from Horace Hotchkiss, 12 Apr. 1842.


In JS’s letter, he informed Hotchkiss that he had decided to personally petition for bankruptcy under the nation’s bankruptcy act of 1841.
2

See An Act to Establish a Uniform System of Bankruptcy [19 Aug. 1841], Public Statutes at Large, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., chap. 9, pp. 440–449.


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

This act, passed by the
United States

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

More Info
Congress in August 1841 to help alleviate the burden of debt that resulted from the financial panics of 1837 and 1839, allowed voluntary bankruptcy, which was initiated by the debtor rather than his creditors.
3

For more information on the bankruptcy act of 1841, see “Joseph Smith Documents from May through August 1842.”


JS had amassed significant debts because of
church

The Book of Mormon related that when Christ set up his church in the Americas, “they which were baptized in the name of Jesus, were called the church of Christ.” The first name used to denote the church JS organized on 6 April 1830 was “the Church of Christ...

View Glossary
endeavors in
Kirtland

Located ten miles south of Lake Erie. Settled by 1811. Organized by 1818. Latter-day Saint missionaries visited township, early Nov. 1830; many residents joined Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Population in 1830 about 55 Latter-day Saints and...

More Info
, Ohio, including the construction of the
Kirtland

Located ten miles south of Lake Erie. Settled by 1811. Organized by 1818. Latter-day Saint missionaries visited township, early Nov. 1830; many residents joined Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Population in 1830 about 55 Latter-day Saints and...

More Info
temple

JS revelation, dated Jan. 1831, directed Latter-day Saints to migrate to Ohio, where they would “be endowed with power from on high.” In Dec. 1832, JS revelation directed Saints to “establish . . . an house of God.” JS revelation, dated 1 June 1833, chastened...

More Info
. Additional debts resulted from the confiscation of property and expulsion of the Latter-day Saints from
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

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and the purchase of land for the church in
Illinois

Became part of Northwest Territory of U.S., 1787. Admitted as state, 1818. Population in 1840 about 480,000. Population in 1845 about 660,000. Plentiful, inexpensive land attracted settlers from northern and southern states. Following expulsion from Missouri...

More Info
and
Iowa Territory

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803. First permanent white settlements established, ca. 1833. Organized as territory, 1838, containing all of present-day Iowa, much of present-day Minnesota, and parts of North and South Dakota. Population in...

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from Hotchkiss and other land speculators. The ability to personally file for bankruptcy offered JS a means to have these debts forgiven.
4

See Application for Bankruptcy, ca. 14–16 Apr. 1842; and “Joseph Smith Documents from May through August 1842.”


Although JS may have heard about the bankruptcy act after it was passed in 1841, he apparently did not decide to file for bankruptcy until April 1842, after he met with
Calvin A. Warren

3 June 1807–22 Feb. 1881. Lawyer. Born in Elizabethtown, Essex Co., New York. Lived at Hamilton Co., Ohio, 1832. Moved to Batavia, Clermont Co., Ohio, by 1835. Married first Viola A. Morris, 25 May 1835, at Batavia. Moved to Quincy, Adams Co., Illinois, 1836...

View Full Bio
, a lawyer from
Quincy

Located on high limestone bluffs east of Mississippi River, about forty-five miles south of Nauvoo. Settled 1821. Adams Co. seat, 1825. Incorporated as town, 1834. Received city charter, 1840. Population in 1835 about 800; in 1840 about 2,300; and in 1845...

More Info
, Illinois, and partner in the firm Ralston, Warren & Wheat.
5

The firm of Ralston, Warren & Wheat was composed of partners James H. Ralston, Calvin A. Warren, and Almeron Wheat. A 5 April 1842 notice from the firm stated that one of the partners would be at Nauvoo and Carthage, Illinois, around 14 April 1842 and would take applications for bankruptcy. (“Ralston, Warren & Wheat, Attorneys at Law,” Wasp, 16 Apr. 1842, [3].)


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Wasp. Nauvoo, IL. Apr. 1842–Apr. 1843.

JS’s journal recounts that he met with Warren on Thursday, 14 April 1842, and then spent the next two days “busily engaged in making out a list of Debtors & invoice of Property to be passed into the hands of the assignee.”
6

JS, Journal, 14–16 Apr. 1842.


On the following Monday, 18 April, JS, in company with his brothers
Hyrum

9 Feb. 1800–27 June 1844. Farmer, cooper. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Randolph, Orange Co., 1802; back to Tunbridge, before May 1803; to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, 1804; to Sharon, Windsor Co...

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and
Samuel

13 Mar. 1808–30 July 1844. Farmer, logger, scribe, builder, tavern operator. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, by Mar. 1810; to Lebanon, Grafton Co., New Hampshire, 1811...

View Full Bio
and several other Latter-day Saints, traveled to
Carthage

Located eighteen miles southeast of Nauvoo. Settled 1831. Designated Hancock Co. seat, Mar. 1833. Incorporated as town, 27 Feb. 1837. Population in 1839 about 300. Population in 1844 about 400. Site of acute opposition to Latter-day Saints, early 1840s. Site...

More Info
, Illinois, to file the necessary petitions and depositions for their respective bankruptcy proceedings.
7

JS, Journal, 18 Apr. 1842. The bankruptcy act of 1841 granted primary authority over bankruptcy proceedings to the federal district court, which for JS and other residents of Nauvoo was in Springfield, Illinois. However, the act stipulated that petitions and depositions could be filed before any commissioner appointed by the federal district court. This rule allowed the Saints to begin their application for bankruptcy in Carthage, about 25 miles away, instead of traveling to Springfield, which was 130 miles away. (An Act to Establish a Uniform System of Bankruptcy [19 Aug. 1841], Public Statutes at Large, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., chap. 9, pp. 445–446, sec. 5; Letter from Calvin A. Warren, ca. 23 June 1842.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

A notice of JS’s petition for bankruptcy, likely submitted by his attorney, first ran in the 6 May 1842 issue of the Sangamo Journal and then in the 7 May 1842 issue of the local
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
newspaper, the Wasp.
8

The notice was dated 28 April 1842. It ran only once in the Sangamo Journal but was published weekly for six consecutive weeks in the Wasp, from 7 May to 11 June 1842.


After his intention to apply for bankruptcy was made public, JS likely recognized the need to inform
Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
of his decision. According to the new bankruptcy law, those who filed for bankruptcy were required to cease payments to creditors, which would obviously alter JS’s plan to settle his debts to Hotchkiss.
9

See An Act to Establish a Uniform System of Bankruptcy [19 Aug. 1841], Public Statutes at Large, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., chap. 9, p. 442, sec. 2.


Comprehensive Works Cited

The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

In his 13 May letter to
Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
, JS noted that he had decided to apply for bankruptcy under financial duress and only after other options had been exhausted. JS reassured Hotchkiss that he was not attempting to defraud him or avoid payment and indicated that JS owned sufficient property to meet his creditors’ demands. But JS also emphasized that his creditors would be treated equally, as outlined by the bankruptcy act: each would be given a proportional amount of the funds raised from the sale of JS’s assets—and no creditor would be favored over another.
This letter was mailed on 14 May 1842 and was likely received by
Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
shortly before he replied to JS on 27 May 1842 to express his concerns regarding repayment and JS’s decision to file for bankruptcy.
10

See Letter from Horace Hotchkiss, 27 May 1842.


Footnotes

  1. [1]

    See Letter from Horace Hotchkiss, 12 Apr. 1842.

  2. [2]

    See An Act to Establish a Uniform System of Bankruptcy [19 Aug. 1841], Public Statutes at Large, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., chap. 9, pp. 440–449.

    The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

  3. [3]

    For more information on the bankruptcy act of 1841, see “Joseph Smith Documents from May through August 1842.”

  4. [4]

    See Application for Bankruptcy, ca. 14–16 Apr. 1842; and “Joseph Smith Documents from May through August 1842.”

  5. [5]

    The firm of Ralston, Warren & Wheat was composed of partners James H. Ralston, Calvin A. Warren, and Almeron Wheat. A 5 April 1842 notice from the firm stated that one of the partners would be at Nauvoo and Carthage, Illinois, around 14 April 1842 and would take applications for bankruptcy. (“Ralston, Warren & Wheat, Attorneys at Law,” Wasp, 16 Apr. 1842, [3].)

    The Wasp. Nauvoo, IL. Apr. 1842–Apr. 1843.

  6. [6]

    JS, Journal, 14–16 Apr. 1842.

  7. [7]

    JS, Journal, 18 Apr. 1842. The bankruptcy act of 1841 granted primary authority over bankruptcy proceedings to the federal district court, which for JS and other residents of Nauvoo was in Springfield, Illinois. However, the act stipulated that petitions and depositions could be filed before any commissioner appointed by the federal district court. This rule allowed the Saints to begin their application for bankruptcy in Carthage, about 25 miles away, instead of traveling to Springfield, which was 130 miles away. (An Act to Establish a Uniform System of Bankruptcy [19 Aug. 1841], Public Statutes at Large, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., chap. 9, pp. 445–446, sec. 5; Letter from Calvin A. Warren, ca. 23 June 1842.)

    The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

  8. [8]

    The notice was dated 28 April 1842. It ran only once in the Sangamo Journal but was published weekly for six consecutive weeks in the Wasp, from 7 May to 11 June 1842.

  9. [9]

    See An Act to Establish a Uniform System of Bankruptcy [19 Aug. 1841], Public Statutes at Large, 27th Cong., 1st Sess., chap. 9, p. 442, sec. 2.

    The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.

  10. [10]

    See Letter from Horace Hotchkiss, 27 May 1842.

Asterisk (*) denotes a "featured" version, which includes an introduction and annotation.
*Letter to Horace Hotchkiss, 13 May 1842
Letterbook 2 History, 1838–1856, volume C-1 [2 November 1838–31 July 1842] “History of Joseph Smith”

Page [1]

Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
. May 13[th]. 1842
H[orace] R. Hotchkiss

15 Apr. 1799–21 Apr. 1849. Merchant, land speculator. Born in East Haven, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Heman Hotchkiss and Elizabeth Rowe. Moved to New Haven, New Haven Co., by 1815. Married Charlotte Austin Street, 22 Feb. 1824, in East Haven. Purchased...

View Full Bio
Esqr.
Dear Sir
I proceed without delay to give a hasty reply to yours of the 12[th] ultimo.
1

See Letter from Horace Hotchkiss, 12 Apr. 1842.


Just received. My engagements will not admit of a lengthy detail of events & circumstances which have transpired to bring and about that state of things which now exists in this place, & as before you receive this you will probably be apprized of the failure of myself & brethren to execute our designs, or in paying off our contratcts, or in other words that we have been compelled to pay our debts by the most popular method, (I.E.) by petioning for the priviliges of General Bankruptcy, a principle so popular at the present moment throughout the
union

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

More Info
.
2

The bankruptcy act of 1841 was very popular. More than 41,000 individuals in the United States filed petitions under the act; 1,592 petitions were filed in Illinois from February 1842 to March 1843, when the act was repealed. (Balleisen, Navigating Failure, 124, 172.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Balleisen, Edward J. Navigating Failure: Bankruptcy and Commercial Society in Antebellum America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

A presure of business has been sufficient excuse for not giving you earlier notice; although it could [have] been of no real use to you, yet I wish you to understa[nd] our intentions to you & your company.— & why we have taken the course we have. You are aware, Sir, in some measures of the embarrassments under which we have labord through the influence of Mobs & designi[n]g men.
3

Although the Saints experienced earlier mob violence in both Ohio and Missouri, JS was likely referencing the more recent and financially devastating 1838 conflict in Missouri, which resulted in his imprisonment and the forced expulsion of the Saints from the state. (See Introduction to Part 3: 4 Nov. 1838–16 Apr. 1839.)


& the embar disadvantagious circumstances under which we have been compelled to contract debts in order to our existinc both as Individuals & as a Society,
4

These debts likely included those that JS and church agents had amassed when purchasing land in Illinois and Iowa Territory from Isaac Galland, as well as from Hotchkiss and his partners, John Gillet and Smith Tuttle. (See Agreement with George W. Robinson, 30 Apr. 1839; and Bond from Horace Hotchkiss, 12 Aug. 1839–A.)


& it is on account of this as well as a pressure on us for debts absolutely unjust.
5

One of the “unjust” debts to which JS may have been referring was a $4,866 debt that he, Hyrum Smith, Peter Haws, George Miller, and Henry W. Miller owed the United States government for their 1840 purchase of the steamboat Des Moines, which they had renamed Nauvoo. The steamboat operated for two months before it was run aground—allegedly by its pilots—and badly damaged, rendering it inoperable. Unable to repay the debt with the income the steamboat was meant to generate, JS and his cofinanciers attempted to sue the pilots, but the two men could not be located and the lawsuit was withdrawn on 7 May 1841. Payment for the steamboat was due in May 1841 and remained unpaid into 1842. The United States government appointed Justin Butterfield, United States Attorney for Illinois, to litigate the debt; he initiated a lawsuit on 3 April 1842 against JS and his cofinanciers to reclaim the money they owed to the federal government. (Oaks and Bentley, “Joseph Smith and Legal Process,” 735–782; Hancock Co., IL, Circuit Court Records, 1829–1897, vol. C, p. 84, microfilm 947,496, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Oaks, Dallin H., and Joseph I. Bentley. “Joseph Smith and Legal Process: In the Wake of the Steamboat Nauvoo.” Brigham Young University Law Review, no. 3 (1976): 735–782.

U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

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Related Case Documents
Editorial Title
Letter to Horace Hotchkiss, 13 May 1842
ID #
1477
Total Pages
4
Print Volume Location
JSP, D10:45–49
Handwriting on This Page
  • Willard Richards

Footnotes

  1. [1]

    See Letter from Horace Hotchkiss, 12 Apr. 1842.

  2. [2]

    The bankruptcy act of 1841 was very popular. More than 41,000 individuals in the United States filed petitions under the act; 1,592 petitions were filed in Illinois from February 1842 to March 1843, when the act was repealed. (Balleisen, Navigating Failure, 124, 172.)

    Balleisen, Edward J. Navigating Failure: Bankruptcy and Commercial Society in Antebellum America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

  3. [3]

    Although the Saints experienced earlier mob violence in both Ohio and Missouri, JS was likely referencing the more recent and financially devastating 1838 conflict in Missouri, which resulted in his imprisonment and the forced expulsion of the Saints from the state. (See Introduction to Part 3: 4 Nov. 1838–16 Apr. 1839.)

  4. [4]

    These debts likely included those that JS and church agents had amassed when purchasing land in Illinois and Iowa Territory from Isaac Galland, as well as from Hotchkiss and his partners, John Gillet and Smith Tuttle. (See Agreement with George W. Robinson, 30 Apr. 1839; and Bond from Horace Hotchkiss, 12 Aug. 1839–A.)

  5. [5]

    One of the “unjust” debts to which JS may have been referring was a $4,866 debt that he, Hyrum Smith, Peter Haws, George Miller, and Henry W. Miller owed the United States government for their 1840 purchase of the steamboat Des Moines, which they had renamed Nauvoo. The steamboat operated for two months before it was run aground—allegedly by its pilots—and badly damaged, rendering it inoperable. Unable to repay the debt with the income the steamboat was meant to generate, JS and his cofinanciers attempted to sue the pilots, but the two men could not be located and the lawsuit was withdrawn on 7 May 1841. Payment for the steamboat was due in May 1841 and remained unpaid into 1842. The United States government appointed Justin Butterfield, United States Attorney for Illinois, to litigate the debt; he initiated a lawsuit on 3 April 1842 against JS and his cofinanciers to reclaim the money they owed to the federal government. (Oaks and Bentley, “Joseph Smith and Legal Process,” 735–782; Hancock Co., IL, Circuit Court Records, 1829–1897, vol. C, p. 84, microfilm 947,496, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)

    Oaks, Dallin H., and Joseph I. Bentley. “Joseph Smith and Legal Process: In the Wake of the Steamboat Nauvoo.” Brigham Young University Law Review, no. 3 (1976): 735–782.

    U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

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