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Minutes and Discourse, 4 April 1844

Source Note

Council of Fifty, Minutes, and JS, Discourse, [
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, Hancock Co., IL, 4 Apr. 1844]. Featured version inscribed [between ca. Aug. 1844 and ca. Feb. 1845] in Council of Fifty, “Record,” pp. [74]–[82]; handwriting of
William Clayton

17 July 1814–4 Dec. 1879. Bookkeeper, clerk. Born at Charnock Moss, Penwortham, Lancashire, England. Son of Thomas Clayton and Ann Critchley. Married Ruth Moon, 9 Oct. 1836, at Penwortham. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Heber...

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; CHL. For more complete source information, see the source note for Council of Fifty, Minutes, 1844–1846.

Historical Introduction

On 4 April 1844, JS attended two meetings of the
Council of Fifty

An organization intended to establish the political kingdom of God on the earth. An 1842 editorial in the church newspaper stated that the “design of Jehovah” was to “take the reigns of government into his own hand.” On 10 and 11 March 1844, JS and several...

View Glossary
, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, Illinois, to discuss the drafting of a constitution for the council and other matters. The council was founded in mid-March 1844 by JS and other leading men in Nauvoo in part to explore possible settlement sites for the
Latter-day Saints

The Book of Mormon related that when Christ set up his church in the Americas, “they which were baptized in the name of Jesus, were called the church of Christ.” The first name used to denote the church JS organized on 6 April 1830 was “the Church of Christ...

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outside of the territorial boundaries of the
United States

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

More Info
. The council also saw itself as the beginnings of the political kingdom of God on earth and aspired to create a new constitution that would improve upon the
United States

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

More Info
Constitution. In an 11 March meeting, the council tasked a committee made up of
John Taylor

1 Nov. 1808–25 July 1887. Preacher, editor, publisher, politician. Born at Milnthorpe, Westmoreland, England. Son of James Taylor and Agnes Taylor, members of Church of England. Around age sixteen, joined Methodist church and was local preacher. Migrated ...

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,
Willard Richards

24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...

View Full Bio
,
William W. Phelps

17 Feb. 1792–7 Mar. 1872. Writer, teacher, printer, newspaper editor, publisher, postmaster, lawyer. Born at Hanover, Morris Co., New Jersey. Son of Enon Phelps and Mehitabel Goldsmith. Moved to Homer, Cortland Co., New York, 1800. Married Sally Waterman,...

View Full Bio
, and
Parley P. Pratt

12 Apr. 1807–13 May 1857. Farmer, editor, publisher, teacher, school administrator, legislator, explorer, author. Born at Burlington, Otsego Co., New York. Son of Jared Pratt and Charity Dickinson. Traveled west with brother William to acquire land, 1823....

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with drafting a constitution, “which should be perfect, and embrace those principles which the constitution of the United States lacked.”
1

Council of Fifty, “Record,” 10–11 and 19 Mar. 1844.


In the morning meeting on 4 April, held from nine o’clock to noon, the council accepted two new members,
Edward Bonney

26 Aug. 1807–4 Feb. 1864. Farmer, miller, bounty hunter, author. Born in Willsboro, Essex Co., New York. Son of Jethro May Bonney and Lucinda Laurana Webster. Moved to Tioga Co., New York, before Aug. 1820. Moved to Cortlandville, Cortland Co., New York, ...

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and
Elias Smith

6 Sept. 1804–24 June 1888. Teacher, printer, postmaster, bookkeeper, probate judge, newspaper editor. Born in Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont. Son of Asahel Smith and Elizabeth Schellenger. Moved to Stockholm, St. Lawrence Co., New York, 1809. Baptized into...

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; discussed public reaction to JS’s presidential campaign platform; and reviewed a letter from
Illinois

Became part of Northwest Territory of U.S., 1787. Admitted as state, 1818. Population in 1840 about 480,000. Population in 1845 about 660,000. Plentiful, inexpensive land attracted settlers from northern and southern states. Following expulsion from Missouri...

More Info
representative
John J. Hardin

6 Jan. 1810–23 Feb. 1847. Lawyer, politician, military officer. Born in Frankfort, Franklin Co., Kentucky. Son of Martin D. Hardin and Elizabeth Logan. Moved to Lawrenceburg, Franklin Co., by 1820. Married Sarah E. Smith, 13 Jan. 1831, in Mercer Co., Kentucky...

View Full Bio
. While
Sidney Rigdon

19 Feb. 1793–14 July 1876. Tanner, farmer, minister. Born at St. Clair, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania. Son of William Rigdon and Nancy Gallaher. Joined United Baptists, ca. 1818. Preached at Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, and vicinity, 1819–1821. Married Phebe...

View Full Bio
was addressing various topics, a delegation of Potawatomi Indians arrived at the meeting. Potawatomi delegations had sought an audience with JS in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
on at least three occasions during spring and summer 1843. On 18 April 1843, Potawatomi chief Paicouchaiby, along with two other chiefs, met with JS in Nauvoo. They told JS that they were “dissatisfied with the white people bordering on their lands,” complained that they had suffered from the theft of cattle and horses, and stated that they wanted JS’s advice because they had heard that he could talk to the “G[reat] Spirit.” Another small Potawatomi delegation—reportedly including Paicouchaiby and the same chiefs who had visited in April, as well as a half-white, half-Indian interpreter from their tribe—met with JS on 2 July 1843. The chiefs told him that they “as a people have long been distressed and oppressd— we have been driven from our lands many times . . . the white man has hated us & shed our blood untill it has appeared as though their would be no Indian Left.”
2

Henry King, Keokuk, Iowa Territory, to John Chambers, Burlington, Iowa Territory, 14 July 1843, in Territorial Papers of the United States, the Territory of Iowa, reel 56; “Interview between Joseph Smith & the Pottowatomie Chiefs,” ca. 1856, in Historian’s Office, JS History, Draft Notes, July 1843; Dunham, Journal, 14 July–26 Aug. 1843; JS, Journal, 26 Aug. 1843; Clayton, Journal, 28 Aug. 1843; Letter to Paicouchaiby and Other Potawatomi, 28 Aug. 1843.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Carter, Clarence Edward, and John Porter Bloom, comps. Territorial Papers of the United States. 28 vols. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1934–1975.

Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Draft Notes, ca. 1839–1856. CHL. CR 100 92.

Dunham, Jonathan. Journals, 1837–1846. Jonathan Dunham, Papers, 1825–1846. CHL. MS 1387, fds. 1–4.

Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

Later that summer, an additional Potawatomi delegation arrived in Nauvoo with a letter for JS.
3

Letter from Paicouchaiby and Other Potawatomi, ca. 14 Aug. 1843.


In their brief meeting with the council on 4 April, the Potawatomi shared their friendly intentions with the Latter-day Saints and stated that they did not want to be coerced into selling any more of their land to a government that was oppressing them. JS told the Potawatomi that the Saints were doing all that they could in the tribe’s behalf and that peace among Native American peoples would be pleasing to God. After the Potawatomi left, the council discussed politics relating to
Texas

France established colony in area, 1685. First Spanish settlement created, 1718. After Mexican War of Independence from Spain, 1821, area became part of Mexico and immigration increased. Conflict between Mexican government and Texian residents resulted in...

More Info
and
Oregon

Lewis and Clark expedition wintered in area, 1805–1806. Treaty of 1818 between U.S. and England provided decade of joint rights to area. Major immigration to area from existing U.S. states commenced, 1839. Oregon Trail used as main route to area, beginning...

More Info
before adjourning until the afternoon. During the afternoon meeting, held from one o’clock to four o’clock, members of the committee assigned to draft the constitution reported their lack of progress.
4

JS, Journal, 4 Apr. 1844.


After several council members remarked on the need for a constitution during the afternoon meeting, JS gave a discourse that clerk
William Clayton

17 July 1814–4 Dec. 1879. Bookkeeper, clerk. Born at Charnock Moss, Penwortham, Lancashire, England. Son of Thomas Clayton and Ann Critchley. Married Ruth Moon, 9 Oct. 1836, at Penwortham. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Heber...

View Full Bio
summarized in the meeting minutes on why organizations struggle to produce governing rules.
Clayton

17 July 1814–4 Dec. 1879. Bookkeeper, clerk. Born at Charnock Moss, Penwortham, Lancashire, England. Son of Thomas Clayton and Ann Critchley. Married Ruth Moon, 9 Oct. 1836, at Penwortham. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Heber...

View Full Bio
recorded notes at these meetings and later copied them into a small bound volume that he titled “Record of the Council of Fifty or Kingdom of God.”
5

Clayton, Journal, 4 Apr. 1844; 3 July 1844; 18 Aug. 1844. Clayton likely made some adjustments to the text when he wrote the fair copy of the minutes and discourse from this meeting, as he had done with other portions of the council records from the Nauvoo era. (Historical Introduction to Council of Fifty, “Record.”)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

These minutes are included in this volume as a representative sample of JS’s involvement with the
Council of Fifty

An organization intended to establish the political kingdom of God on the earth. An 1842 editorial in the church newspaper stated that the “design of Jehovah” was to “take the reigns of government into his own hand.” On 10 and 11 March 1844, JS and several...

View Glossary
.
6

For a full record of the Council of Fifty under JS, see “Part 1: March–June 1844.”


Footnotes

  1. [1]

    Council of Fifty, “Record,” 10–11 and 19 Mar. 1844.

  2. [2]

    Henry King, Keokuk, Iowa Territory, to John Chambers, Burlington, Iowa Territory, 14 July 1843, in Territorial Papers of the United States, the Territory of Iowa, reel 56; “Interview between Joseph Smith & the Pottowatomie Chiefs,” ca. 1856, in Historian’s Office, JS History, Draft Notes, July 1843; Dunham, Journal, 14 July–26 Aug. 1843; JS, Journal, 26 Aug. 1843; Clayton, Journal, 28 Aug. 1843; Letter to Paicouchaiby and Other Potawatomi, 28 Aug. 1843.

    Carter, Clarence Edward, and John Porter Bloom, comps. Territorial Papers of the United States. 28 vols. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1934–1975.

    Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Draft Notes, ca. 1839–1856. CHL. CR 100 92.

    Dunham, Jonathan. Journals, 1837–1846. Jonathan Dunham, Papers, 1825–1846. CHL. MS 1387, fds. 1–4.

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

  3. [3]

    Letter from Paicouchaiby and Other Potawatomi, ca. 14 Aug. 1843.

  4. [4]

    JS, Journal, 4 Apr. 1844.

  5. [5]

    Clayton, Journal, 4 Apr. 1844; 3 July 1844; 18 Aug. 1844. Clayton likely made some adjustments to the text when he wrote the fair copy of the minutes and discourse from this meeting, as he had done with other portions of the council records from the Nauvoo era. (Historical Introduction to Council of Fifty, “Record.”)

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

  6. [6]

    For a full record of the Council of Fifty under JS, see “Part 1: March–June 1844.”

Asterisk (*) denotes a "featured" version, which includes an introduction and annotation. *Minutes and Discourse, 4 April 1844 *Council of Fifty, Minutes, March 1844–January 1846; Volume 1, 10 March 1844–1 March 1845

Page [76]

tribe of Indians attended by a French Interpreter
7

The French Creole population had a long history of cultural and political alliances with the Potawatomi; these ties commonly resulted in marriages between French traders and Potawatomi women. These traders and their descendants often served as intermediaries and interpreters between the Potawatomi and American settlers and government officials. The interpreter mentioned here may have been the same interpreter who came to Nauvoo in July 1843 and returned with Jonathan Dunham in August 1843. Dunham described him as “a white man half English, & half French, formaly [formerly] from Canada, and since the last war has lived with the Potawatomies— Married a Squaw, sister to the Chief.” That description fits Madore Beaubien. The son of a French father and an Ottawa mother, he resided in Chicago before moving to live with the Potawatomi in 1840. (Dunham, Journal, 18 Aug. 1843; Edmunds, “Potawatomis on the Frontier,” 342–343; Edmunds, Potawatomis, 221–222, 227–228; Hurlbut, Chicago Antiquities, 334–335; Gale, Reminiscences of Early Chicago and Vicinity, 137; Beaubien, “Beaubiens of Chicago,” 98–99.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Dunham, Jonathan. Journals, 1837–1846. Jonathan Dunham, Papers, 1825–1846. CHL. MS 1387, fds. 1–4.

Edmunds, R. David. “Indians as Pioneers: Potawatomis on the Frontier.” Chronicles of Oklahoma 65, no. 4 (Winter 1987–1988): 340–353.

Edmunds, R. David. The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.

Hurlbut, Henry H. Chicago Antiquities: Comprising Original Items and Relations, Letters, Extracts, and Notes Pertaining to Early Chicago; Embellished with Views, Portraits, Autographs, Etc. Chicago: By the author, 1881.

Gale, Edwin O. Reminiscences of Early Chicago and Vicinity. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1902.

Beaubien, Frank G. “The Beaubiens of Chicago.” Illinois Catholic Historical Review 2, no. 1 (July 1919): 96–105.

appeared & were admitted into the council. They made known that they were friendly to the Mormon people, and wanted their influence They had been oppressed by the
U. S.

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

More Info
government and did not want to sell them any more land.
8

As the fur trade declined in the early nineteenth century, the Potawatomi became increasingly dependent on annuities from the United States government. This left them vulnerable to unfavorable treaties that gradually stripped them of their lands in what would become Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 and the Black Hawk War of 1832—in which the Potawatomi sided with the United States—led to a final treaty, signed in 1833, in which the Potawatomi traded their lands east of the Mississippi River for land along the Missouri River, between Independence, Missouri, and present-day Council Bluffs, Iowa. However, in 1837, tensions between the Potawatomi and the Missourians led to the removal of the Potawatomi to lands in modern-day Iowa and Kansas. (See Edmunds, Potawatomis, 215–222, 229–254, 264–272.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Edmunds, R. David. The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.

Prest J. and others told them that we were doing all we could for them and that God would be pleased if they would cease their wars with each other & be at peace
They tarried only a short season and then withdrew evidently well pleased with their interview
9

William Clayton reported that the council members “had a very pleasant and impressive interview” with this delegation. JS probably invited the Potawatomi to the church conference that was held two days later, on 6 April. JS’s journal records that during the conference, “4. Lamanites & interpretor came in and took a seat on the stand.” Clayton identified the Indians as members of the Potawatomi tribe. According to Wilford Woodruff, eleven Indians were on the stand when John Taylor was speaking. (Clayton, Journal, 4 Apr. 1844; JS, Journal, 6 Apr. 1844; Woodruff, Journal, 6 Apr. 1844.)


Comprehensive Works Cited

Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.

after which
Prest.

The highest presiding body of the church. An 11 November 1831 revelation stated that the president of the high priesthood was to preside over the church. JS was ordained as president of the high priesthood on 25 January 1832. In March 1832, JS appointed two...

View Glossary
J. Smith made some remarks on the spread of the principles of eternal [p. [76]]
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Document Transcript

Page [76]

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Related Case Documents
Editorial Title
Minutes and Discourse, 4 April 1844
ID #
13218
Total Pages
9
Print Volume Location
Handwriting on This Page
  • William Clayton

Footnotes

  1. [7]

    The French Creole population had a long history of cultural and political alliances with the Potawatomi; these ties commonly resulted in marriages between French traders and Potawatomi women. These traders and their descendants often served as intermediaries and interpreters between the Potawatomi and American settlers and government officials. The interpreter mentioned here may have been the same interpreter who came to Nauvoo in July 1843 and returned with Jonathan Dunham in August 1843. Dunham described him as “a white man half English, & half French, formaly [formerly] from Canada, and since the last war has lived with the Potawatomies— Married a Squaw, sister to the Chief.” That description fits Madore Beaubien. The son of a French father and an Ottawa mother, he resided in Chicago before moving to live with the Potawatomi in 1840. (Dunham, Journal, 18 Aug. 1843; Edmunds, “Potawatomis on the Frontier,” 342–343; Edmunds, Potawatomis, 221–222, 227–228; Hurlbut, Chicago Antiquities, 334–335; Gale, Reminiscences of Early Chicago and Vicinity, 137; Beaubien, “Beaubiens of Chicago,” 98–99.)

    Dunham, Jonathan. Journals, 1837–1846. Jonathan Dunham, Papers, 1825–1846. CHL. MS 1387, fds. 1–4.

    Edmunds, R. David. “Indians as Pioneers: Potawatomis on the Frontier.” Chronicles of Oklahoma 65, no. 4 (Winter 1987–1988): 340–353.

    Edmunds, R. David. The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.

    Hurlbut, Henry H. Chicago Antiquities: Comprising Original Items and Relations, Letters, Extracts, and Notes Pertaining to Early Chicago; Embellished with Views, Portraits, Autographs, Etc. Chicago: By the author, 1881.

    Gale, Edwin O. Reminiscences of Early Chicago and Vicinity. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1902.

    Beaubien, Frank G. “The Beaubiens of Chicago.” Illinois Catholic Historical Review 2, no. 1 (July 1919): 96–105.

  2. [8]

    As the fur trade declined in the early nineteenth century, the Potawatomi became increasingly dependent on annuities from the United States government. This left them vulnerable to unfavorable treaties that gradually stripped them of their lands in what would become Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 and the Black Hawk War of 1832—in which the Potawatomi sided with the United States—led to a final treaty, signed in 1833, in which the Potawatomi traded their lands east of the Mississippi River for land along the Missouri River, between Independence, Missouri, and present-day Council Bluffs, Iowa. However, in 1837, tensions between the Potawatomi and the Missourians led to the removal of the Potawatomi to lands in modern-day Iowa and Kansas. (See Edmunds, Potawatomis, 215–222, 229–254, 264–272.)

    Edmunds, R. David. The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.

  3. [9]

    William Clayton reported that the council members “had a very pleasant and impressive interview” with this delegation. JS probably invited the Potawatomi to the church conference that was held two days later, on 6 April. JS’s journal records that during the conference, “4. Lamanites & interpretor came in and took a seat on the stand.” Clayton identified the Indians as members of the Potawatomi tribe. According to Wilford Woodruff, eleven Indians were on the stand when John Taylor was speaking. (Clayton, Journal, 4 Apr. 1844; JS, Journal, 6 Apr. 1844; Woodruff, Journal, 6 Apr. 1844.)

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

    Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.

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